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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Study of the properties and relationships between genes within populations |
Population genetics |
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Studied allele frequencies between successive generations |
G.H. Hardy and W. Weinberg (1908) |
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Five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equation |
1. Very large population size; effectively infinite 2. Random mating 3. No mutation 4. No immigration or emigration (stable population) 5. No natural selection |
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When does crossing over occur? |
Prophase I |
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Structures that are anatomically similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor are called... |
homologous structures |
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The presence of ____________, not analogy, is evidence that organisms are related. |
homology |
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_____________ structures are those that serve the same function, but are anatomically different. |
analogous |
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The __________________ equation is used to calculate the genotype and allele frequencies of a population. |
Hardy-Weinberg |
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Binomial system was introduced by who? And when? |
Linnaeus in the mid-1700s |
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4 billion years ago |
oldest rocks |
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2.5 billion years ago |
first prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea arise, first cells. |
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1.5 billion years ago |
first eukaryotes, oxygen present in atomosphere, cells with nuclei |
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Autotrophic |
Obtain carbon from CO2, nitrifers, photosynthetic, cyanobacteria. |
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Lytic cycle |
Attatchment, injection of viral dna, production of viral components, assembly of new viruses, lysis of cell. |
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lysogenic cycle |
integration |
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Significance of choanoflagellates? |
Closest relative to animals |
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the full complement of genetic information of an organism |
genome |
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comparing and studying entire genomes |
genomics |
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Natural selection favors changes among competitors which reduce competition, leading to exploitation of different resources
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Known as character displacement |
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A cluster of species evolves to occupy a series of different habitats within a region
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adaptive radiation |
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Both predator and prey may undergo evolutionary changes in response to changes in the other; this process is called... |
coevolution |
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genetic change at the population level that occur within a species that make that species different from its immediate predecessor |
microevolution |
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structures are derived from the same body part present in an ancestor/the same bones are put to different uses in related species
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homologous |
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structures are similar-looking structures in unrelated lineages |
analogous |
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analogous structures that result from evolutionary adaptation to similar environments |
convergent evolution |
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structres that are still present, no longer useful |
vestigal structures |
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the theory that species experience long periods of little or no evolutionary change (stasis), interrupted by bursts of adaptive change |
punctuated equilibrium |
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All genes and alleles within a population make up... |
gene pool |
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Five assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equation
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- Very large population size; effectively infinite
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random changes in allele frequencies in small populations/rare alleles may be lost if individuals fail to reproduce or die
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genetic drift |
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occurs when a few individuals migrate and become the founders of a new, isolated population/rare alleles can be lost/alleles that the founders carry increase proportionally when compared to the original population
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founder effect |
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occurs when population size is drastically reduced/the surviving individuals constitute a random genetic sample of the original population
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bottleneck effect |
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Animals and plants are ___karyotic. |
eu |
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Bacteria and archaea are ___karyotic |
pro |
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Eukaryotes reproduce via |
Meiosis and fusion of gametes |
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Prokaryotes reproduce via |
Binary fission |
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Protista: |
- Unicellular (fewest exceptions) - Some cell walls - both auto & hetero - both mobile and sessile |
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Plantae: |
- Multicellular - Cell walls (cellulose) - Autotroph (photo) - sessile (don't move) |
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Animalia:
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- Multicellular - No cell wall - Heterotrophic - mobile |
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Fungi: |
- Multicellular (few exceptions) - Cell wall (chitin) - Heterotrophic - sessile |
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King Phillip... @_@ |
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Lytic cycle |
Virus life cycle. Attaches, inserts, takes over, reproduces, and destroys cell. |
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Lysogenic cycle |
Virus life cycle. Binds to bacteria, iserts its DNA, get incorporated into cell's chromosome, and is replicated as the bacteria replicates. |
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Acoelomate |
This guy ain't even playin'. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm with nothing in the middle. |
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Pseudocoelomate |
Kinda resembles a fully fledged version, but there isn't a mesoderm around the endoderm and that space? That space and coelome! It's so fake. |
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Coelomate |
Too legit to quit. Ectoderm, full mesoderm, and then a nice coelome. Right in the middle? The endoderm SURROUNDED MY MORE MESODERM. Whaaaaat? |
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Major characteristic changes through fish evolution |
jaws, cartilage skeleton, bony skeleton, swim bladder, lobe finned vs. ray-finned |
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Major characteristic changes through amphibian evolution |
lungs, legs, 3 chambered heart, must reproduce in water and keep skin moist |
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Major characteristic changes through reptile evolution |
thoracic breathing, 4 chambered heart, better legs, scales to prevent water loss, amniotic egg
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Archosaurs became |
dinosaurs which became birds |
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Therapsids became |
mammals |
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Major characteristic changes through mammal evolution |
hair, mammary glands, heterodentition |
