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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Protist
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• First eucaryotes
• Polyphyletic • Includes any eucaryote that is not plant, fungus or animal • Evolved from procaryotes by: membrane invagination endosymbiosis |
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Protist Characteristics
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• Unicellular, Multicellular or Colonial
• Heterotrophic, Autotrophic or Mixotrophic |
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Supergroup Excavata
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Common cytoskeletal features
Many possess lateral ‘feeding groove’ Three monophyletic groups: Diplomonads, Parabasalids & Euglenozoans |
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Diplomonads
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Anaerobic habitats
Nonfunctional mitochondria (mitosomes) |
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Mitosomes
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nonfuntional mitochondria
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Parabasalids
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Anaerobic habitats
Modified mitochondria (hydrogeonsomes) |
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Hydrogenosomes
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modified mitochondria
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Euglenozoans
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Free-living members: autotrophic or heterotrophic Crystalline rod in flagella
Two groups: Kinetoplastids & Euglenids |
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Kinetoplastids
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Single mitochondrion with mass of DNA (kinetoplast)
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Euglenids
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Free-living heterotrophs and mixotrophs
1 or 2 flagella emerging from pocket |
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Supergroup Chromalveolata
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Possibly arose by 2o endosymbiosis of a red algal cell.
Two sub-groups: Alveolata & Stramenopiles |
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Alveolata
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Possess spaces (alveoli) beneath membrane
Subdivided according to mode of locomotion. |
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Alveolata - Dinoflagellates
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• Pair of flagella in surface groove.
• Reinforced by cellulose plates. cause red tide |
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Alveolata - Apicomplexans
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• No apparent means of locomotion.
• All parasitic. • Complex life cycles with asexual and sexual stages. Includes: Plasmodium spp. (malaria) & Eimeria spp. |
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Alveolata - Ciliates
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• Move by cilia.
• All free-living except Balantidium spp. • Possess lateral Oral |Groove. • Two nuclei (macronucleus & micronucleus) |
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Chromalveolata - Stramenopiles
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• Long-multibranched flagellum
• Short smooth flagellum in some |
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Stramenopiles - Diatoms
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• Unicellular aquatic algae
• Perforated silica shell |
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Stramenopiles – Golden Algae
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• Contain Carotenoid pigments
• Cells possess two terminal flagella • Unicellular or colonial • Resistant cysts |
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Stramenopiles – Brown Algae
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• Multicellular
• Specialized tissues and organs • Some freshwater • Most marine (seaweeds)  |
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Isomorphic
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Male and female gametophytes have similar appearance
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Heteromorphic
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Male and female gametophytes have different appearance
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Stramenopiles – Oomycetes
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• Were classified as fungi
• Similarity due to Convergent Evolution • Cell walls contain cellulose not chitin • Have lost plastids • Decomposers or parasites |
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Supergroup Rhizaria
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• Monophyletic
• Most move via pseudopodia • Referred to as ‘amoebae’ • Similar organisms in other Supergroups • Three groups: Radiolarians Foraminiferans (Forams) & Cercozoans |
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Rhizaria - Radiolarians
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• Almost all marine
• Internal silica skeleton |
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Rhizaria - Forams
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• Almost all marine
• Shell (Test) of calcium carbonate • May have symbiotic algae |
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Rhizaria - Cercozoans
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• Amoeboid and flagellated members
• All have pseudopodia • Heterotrophic, autotrophic and mixotrophic members |
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Supergroup Archaeplastida
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• Two groups: Red algae & Green algae
• Share common ancestor with land plants |
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Archaeplastida – Red algae
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• Marine
• Most are large and multicellular • Pigment is Phycoerythrin • Also possess accessory pigments to absorb blue and green light • Can live at greater depths than other algae • Referred to as ‘seaweeds’ • Non-motile sperm |
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Archaeplastida – Green algae
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• Marine and freshwater
• Most are large and multicellular • Some unicellular and colonial • Pigment is Chlorophyll • Two groups: Charophytes & Chlorophytes |
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Green algae - Charophytes
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• Share characteristics with land plants.
• May share ancestor with land plants • May be direct ancestor of land plants |
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Green algae - Chlorophytes
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• Mostly freshwater
• Some marine, few terrestrial • Unicellular, colonial and multicellular members • Adapted for different climates |
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Green algae - Chlorophytes
Chlamydomonas |
Unicellular
Resemble gametes of multicellular chlorophytes |
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Green algae - Chlorophytes
Volvox |
Colonial
Identical cells work cooperatively |
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Green algae - Chlorophytes
Caulerpa |
Multinucleate filaments without cross-walls
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Green algae - Chlorophytes
Ulva |
Multicellular with different cell types
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Supergroup Unikonta- Amoebozoans
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• Large pseudopodia
• Thought to be monphyletic • Three groups: Slime molds, Entamoebas, & Gymnamoebas |
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Amoebozoans – Slime molds
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• Morphologically similar to fungi
• Similarities due to convergent evolution • Two types: Plasmodial slime molds & Cellular slime molds |
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Amoebozoans – Gymnamoebas
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• Free living
• Aquatic and terrestrial members • Most are heterotrophic scavengers or predators |
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Amoebozoans – Entamoebas
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• Some free living, most parasitic or mutualistic
• Entamoeba histolytica causes disease in humans |
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Contributions of Protists
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• Basis of food chains
• Decomposers • Primary producers • Disease • Provide nutrients |