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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Levels of processing |
-Shallow = Structural encoding (Physical structure of stimulus) -Intermediate = Phonemic Encoding (What words sound like) -Deep = Semantic Encoding (Meaning of Stimulus |
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Improving Encoding |
-Elaboration -Visual Imagery -Serial- position effect -Self-Referent Encoding -Mnemonic Devices |
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Elaboration |
-Linking a stimulus to other info at time of encoding Ex: Telling a story |
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Visual Imagery |
-Creating visual images to represent thing to be remembered Ex: Swimming is easier to imagine then lies |
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Serial- position effect |
-Subjects tend to show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle |
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Self- Referent Encoding |
-Involves deciding how and whether info is personally relevant Ex: What street do I live on? |
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Mnemonic Devices |
Encoding based on association or rhyme |
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Short-term memory |
-Can maintain unrehearsed information for up to 20 seconds and from 7 to 2 words/numbers |
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Long-term |
-Unlimited capacity, can hold info over long periods of time -Flashbulb memories (Vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events) |
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Clustering (Memory) |
Remembering similar or related items in groups |
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Conceptual Hierarchy (Memory) |
Multilevel classification system based on common properties among items |
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Schemas |
Organized cluster of knowledge about an object or event |
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Chunking |
Rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns |
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Semantic Networks |
Nodes, representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts |
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Encode-Store-Retrieve |
-Recovering information from memory Computer analogy -Encode= Keyboard -Store= Hard Drive -Retrieve= Monitor |
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Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
The inability to remember something you know |
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Retrieval cues |
Stimuli that help you gain access to memories |
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State-Dependant memory |
Mood or Mental state during learning |
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Procedural memory |
Actions, skills, and operations |
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Declarative Memory |
Facts |
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Retention |
Amount of material remembered |
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Recall measure |
Reproduce info on your own, without cues |
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Recognition measure |
Select from a list (Multiple choice) |
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Interference |
Competition from other material -Retroactive Interference -Proactive Interference -Decay |
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Retroactive Interference |
New info. Impair the retention of info you knew before |
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Proactive Interference |
Stuff you already know interferes with the learning of new stuff |
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Decay |
Memories fading over time |