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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
broca's aphasia
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L pars opercularis and part of trangularis
L ventral pre-central gyrus L insula basal ganglia (subcortical necessary for motor parts of langage) damage to superior medial artery/middle cerebral artery (supply of lateral cortex) = upper division syndrome |
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wernicke aphasia
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comprehension aphasia
speech without sense superior temporal gyrus |
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L angular gyrus
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comprehension of visual imputs
ALEXIA dyslexia |
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L supramarginal gyrus
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agraphias ; posteriorly PURE
ideomotor apraxia/ideational somatosensory disorders |
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Insula
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emotions
pre-central gyrus = speech apraxia (section 6) post-central gyrus = ventral object streams for somatosensory information -SI to SII to insula to entorhinal cortex |
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transcortical aphasia
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all surroundings but the langage areas are destroyed (no mind)
can repeat and even learn but no cognition; no spontaenous |
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sodium amytal test
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Wada;
PROVIDE best info about where language is (inactivate 1hemis) |
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infarction of broca's area
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mutism and migrate to an apraxia (no aggramatism)
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primary motor association cortex
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6vc = central coloum (posterior)
6vr = ventrorostral ; where are mirror neurons. connected to area 4 |
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dysgranular frontal area
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intermediate motor cognitive. btw 44 and 6 ; typical prefrontal cortex
-planning and execute movements (cognitive functions) -layer 4 begin to emerge |
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granular frontal xortex
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area 45 ; good layer 4
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monkey arcuate sulcus
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f4 = 6vc
f5= 6vr motor 4= f1 44 is a cognitive center 45 = retrieval of information ccenter |
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SSII
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secondary somatosensory area: dorsal sylvian fissure (fronto-parietal operculum)
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ideomotor apraxia
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supramarginal area
-cannot understand motor related instructions (but each are ok alone) -disconnesction syndrome |
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somatosensory disorders
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supramarginal : code xomplex combinations of somatosensory informtion
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rostral posterior parietal lobules
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movement, reaching, writing regions
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receptive fields
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smaller in straite cortex, bigger towards AIT and become less retinotopic organised
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v4 neurons
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code colors; only respond to little part that cover the retina at a specific emplacement
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hebb cell assembly
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cells that code difference features and the simulatenous firing represent a particular oject = group coding
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quiroga jenifer aniston
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respond to specific geature combination (little group of neurons)
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sparse coding (connor)
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respond to only one stimulus
learned or innate |
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occipito-parietal stream
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spatial processing
superior longitudinal fasciculus links with dorsal limbic and frontal many imputs ; may be POLYSENSORY mainly contralateral and peripheral visual fields (central too ) |
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occipito-temporal stream
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object information processing
inferior longitudinal fasciculus subsequent links with amygdala and frontal area TEO lesion = loss of pettern-discrimination central representation V1 to V2 to V3V4 to TEO and TE |
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macrosmetic animals
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strong sense of smell
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left hippocampal lesion
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verbal memory system
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right hippocampal
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spatial memory impairement
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test of hebb
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digit span +1 (recurrin/non-recurring)
proved left is more verbal impairement |
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delayed nonmatching sample
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recognition memory; have to choose novel objects
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entorhinal cortex
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critical memory structure (code the familiarity). send info to hippocampus
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hippocampus
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also critical
code name (LH) and location (RH) archicortex |
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amygdala
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add emotional
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piriform cortex
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primary olfactory cortex
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limbic lbe
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cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus
older in structure very interconnected |
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declarative memory
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depend on the neocortex ; send info to entorhinal cortex and then to hippocampus
NEO-STRIATAL STRUCTURES (cortico-hippocampal) explicit |
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procedural
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not really memory, more of an HABIT ; implicit
motor tasks can be reinforced/extinctinced AIT TO CAUDATE NUCLEUS (tail) DIRECTLY (and putamen) ; basal gnglia = cortico-striatal network = TEMPORAL STEM then send to GP, thalamus and back to cortex NON-COGNITIVE |
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STM/LTM
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distinction is SHIFTING OF ATTENTION
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amygdala
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strong connection to hypothalamus via
STRIA TERMINALIS (around CN) ; branch to septum also VENTRALAMYGDALOGUFAL ; direct from entorhinal to this = BASIC BIOLOGICAL DRIVE CAN BE REGULATED BY COGNITIVE INFO neophobia (center of fear) V1 feeback connections ; sensitize primary visual areas |
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fornix
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extension of hippocampal system (connection to neocortex; permanent storage probablu)
PRE-commisural = septal region POST-commisural = mamallary bodies -send info to thalamus DAMAGE = H+ like |
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korsakoff syndrome
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destroy mamallary bodies = memory impariement
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reward system
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dissociation possible of pleasure and value of reinforcement (can reinforce without the amygdala)
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reward value
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basal ganglia = nucleus accumpus ; where the addiction takes place ; not MEMORIES but more the biological driving that is learned toward stg "useful" (not socially but physiologically)
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associative agnosia
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fusiform and inferior temporal gyrus (kinda anterior)
perception not impaired cannot recognize bilateral but can be juste right more TE |
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apperceptie agnosia
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bilateral more posterior (v4/v5)
perceptual defect cannot imitate/recognize more TEO |
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anomia
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can recognize but not name the object (can identify non-verbally)
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semantic agnosia
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central part of temporal lobe
cannot categorize perceptions but can identify things individually |
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propsagnosia
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face agnosia
1-unique non-face stimuli : unique 2-non-unique non-face : category-related recognize par of the stimuy as independent fragment may have some unconcious recognition BILAT |
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color agnosia
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1- anomia (near wernickes)
2- achromatopsia (pure case) 3- loss of ability t relate color to the correct objects; conceptual problem in color matching (general semantic regions) |
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lingual gyrus
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contain parts of v2 and v3
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asterognosis
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impairement in tactile recognition of objects
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pariteal cortex
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general concept of space for all sensory modalities
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allocentric proessing
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visual information of reations btw objects far away
inferior parietal lobule in monkeys |
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Egocentric processing
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objects close to own reach
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frontal lesions
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IQ and personality normal;
loss of capacity to PLAN and organise (working memory) higher-control executive functions - monitoring of own actions is impaired - cannot adapt and let of of previous way of acting (cannot adapt) -induce DISORGANIZED behavior |
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area 46 (+9/46) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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monitoring of own actions in prefrontal cortex
"active STM". interact with all cortex to "think" |
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AIT
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cortex visual processing
interpret and maintain the object in the mind primary : slits/spots tecture: pattern elaborate : complex texture other weak unresponsive |
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posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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area 8/little 6
-problem with conditional associative learning tasks ; cannot make SELECTIONS (competition btw alternative responses) |
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orbital frontal area
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strong connection with amygdala and hypothalamus
brain capacity to TURN OFF PAIN, FEAR, ECT. regulate emotional/motivational states |
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thalamus
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sensory relay station (primary) for ll except olfaction
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lateral geniculate body
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lateral = upper visual field (loop in temporal lobe)
medial = lower visual field (parietal) |
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intraparietal sulcus
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realted to ACALCULIA
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hypothalamus
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biological drives
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alexia without agraphia
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damage to occipital and post-callosal fibers
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V4, V5
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v4 code color
v5 code movement |
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AMNESIC SYNDROME
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ltm impairment
bilateral medial temporal lobe damage H+A+ (entorhinal) |
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Visual agnosia
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damage to left occipital lobe and nearby callosal fibers
-bilateral cortical-subcortical occipital lobe lesion (disconnected visual area from speech and limbic system) -anterotemporal higher-order cortices and limbic system structures -parietal/temporal/visual association cortices |
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left hemisphere
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speech
smart search strategies false memory (need to explain everything) problem solving (cognitive activities) |
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right hemisphere
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cannot speak
non-verbal communication abstract things (that dont have a name) spatial constructional true memory |
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radial fibers
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radiating blundles ; axons of pyramidal, fusiform and stellate cells) ; association or projection fiber
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tangantial fibers
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run horizontal to cortical surface : band of baillarger
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vertical radial arragenemtn
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supergranular : 2-3
infragranular : 5-6 |
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layer III
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lease cortex as association and commisurral fibers
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Layer V, VI
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leave as projection fibers
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heterotypical cortex
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cortex 1,5 (konio and agranular)
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homotypical
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six layers easily distinguised
2,3,4 maj. of cortex |
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pure word deagness
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loss of connection of wernickes to auditory pathways
doesnt comprehend spoken langage but everything else is ok |
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speech apraxia
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precentral gyrus of insula
cannot coordinate speech movements often accompanied by oral apraxia |
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bilateral speech reprensentation
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2/3
R = serial repetition L = naming |
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arcuate fasciculus
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auditory-motor pathway
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sympathetic dyspraxia
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broca's aphasia and right hemiplegia
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neural traces
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retention of visual information ; imply memory ; old central representation of previous stimuli (refined with new representations added)
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superior ocipital/parietal lesions
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balint syndrome
unability to recognize identity from movements (visuomotor signs) -likely undetected |
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posterior IT
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small RF = primary cells
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anterior IT (2/3)
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large RF, elaborate cells ; optimal stimuli is patterns of particular shape
selectivity of coding develop abruptly from this part intermediate method of coding |
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visual invariance
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phenomena in visual coding where an object must be recognizable from any angle of view .
invariant: achieved by visual cortex calculations dependent: by learned temporal association |
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sparsness
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neurons each resposive to some dicrete visual feature
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HM case
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condition mainly the same
slight improvment no IQ loss or perceptual loss no LTM ; cannot remember if delay/distraction slight anterograde amnesia STM is ok intelligence came up cause less mino attack not absolute loss (incompleteness of lesion) procedural learning possible with intensive practice lives from moment to moment some retention of constant feature of environment |
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medial temporal lobe damage
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riral encephalitis
posterior cerebral artery occlusion alzheimer H+A+/PRPH/H++/it-ento disconnection= severe other less (because entorhinal is ok) H+/mamallary is same |
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medial temporal lobe
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hippocampal formation
amygdala adjacent cortical area (ento,perirhinal, parahippocampal) just needed to consolidate STM; after it leaves for the cortex for permanent storage |
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working memory
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remember contextual informaion, to reason and make judgement
- in prefrontal cortex (middle part) |
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dorsoventral prefrontal cortex
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active when doing 2 tasks simultaneously
related to memory (aneurysm can cause amnesia) |
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frontal cortex connections
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inputs: partietal, prestriate and temporal cortex (long term storage of sensory)
outputs: hypothalamus and amygdala allow for emotional regulation |