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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Cognitive psychology |
Scientific study of processes and products of the human mind - Absorbing, processing, responding |
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Explain Introspection Provide limitations (3) |
William Wundt & Edward Titchener Look inside yourself to reflect on own actions
Limitations: Difficult to verify; Individual uniqueness Not always aware End product, not process |
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Explain Behaviourism Provide limitations (2) |
Observe only Stimulus -> Response Mind is not observable, therefore should not be studied
Limitations: Cannot account for creativity or language learning - Generation of new things has no reward/ punishment Only observable data |
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Explain Cognitivism Provide method of how cognition works |
Making inferences about mental processes - Environment and previous knowledge used to form behaviour
Method Theory of computation - Algorithms to solve complex mathematical problems of the mind Development of complex networks - Serial processing vs. Parallel processing
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What is the Edwin Smith Papyrus and why is it important |
Edwin Smith Papyrus Earliest record of medical treatment for TBI Hinted localization of function |
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Empedocles of Acragas |
Cardiac hypothesis Mind comes from the heart - Oxygen required for mind to function |
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Alcamaeon of Croton; Galen |
Brain hypothesis (materialism) Questioned how the brain organized |
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Descartes |
Rationalism Pursuit of truth through reason
Nervous system Explain reflexes Brain can suppress reflex
Dualism Relationship between mind and brain Pineal gland critical for theory; only one - BUT really for hormonal control |
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Define the 2 school of thought on brain organization |
Localization of function (LoF) Different brain area has specialized function
Undifferentiated mass Brain works as a whole |
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Franz Josef Gall |
Phrenology More developed brain region becomes larger |
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Korbinian Brodmann |
52 'Brodmann' areas Focused on cellular structure - Neurons are arranged differently depending on area |
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Alexander Luria |
Whole-person view of TBI by socio-cultural perspective - Humanizing patients is critical - First comprehensive volume of neuropsychology - Explore organization of cortical networks |
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Paul Broca
Carl Wernicke |
Broca Left posterior inferior frontal gyrus Damage - Nonfluent output, intact comprehension
Wernicke Left superior temporal gyrus Damage - Fluent output, impaired comprehension |
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Patient HM |
Chronic debilitating epilepsy
Treatment: Bilateral medial temporal lobe resection - Caused profound anterograde amnesia |
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Callosotomy |
Cutting of corpus callosum Fix seizures Cause split brain patients Age matters (Earlier is better) |
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Wilder Penfield |
Microstimulation of human cortex Created Sensory and Motor homunculi |
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Phineas Gage |
Total damage to Orbitofrontal cortex - Large impact to emotion and personality - More impulsive, sexually inappropriate, less kind |
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Gottlieb Burkhardt
Egas Moniz |
Burkhardt Frontal lobotomies in 6 patients in asylum - Found nothing
Moniz Non-human primates Aggressive behaviours became docile |
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Walter Freeman and James Watts |
Transorbital lobotomy - Crack above eye and cut frontal lobe with icepick Most people died from bleeding People who got 'better' were really just mindless |
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Astrocyte, Microglial, Oligodendrocyte, Schwanna cell |
Astrocyte Neural development - Forms scaffold for neurons to migrate Blood-brain barrier creation Brain response after injury - Repairs process and scarring the brain
Microglial Destroys dead or dying cells
Oligodendrocyte (CNS) and Schwann cell (PNS) Myelinate neurons Oligodendrocyte can myelinate many |
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Saltatory conduction |
Propagation of AP along myelinated axons from one nodes of ranvier to another - Increases conduction velocity of AP |
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Multiple sclerosis (Cause, symptoms, treatment) |
Myelin damage due to autoimmune disorder - Possibly from lack of vitamin D
Symptoms Unpredictable Depends on where demyelination occurs Eg. Temporal lobe - Memory; Pons - Consciousness
Treatment No treatment Trying for earlier detection |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Cause, symptoms) |
Rapid upper and lower motor disease Possibly genetic
Symptoms Loss of movement in general Severe cases - Loss of breathing, swallowing |
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Alzheimer's disease (Cause, symptoms, treatment) |
Beta-amyloid plaques accumulation - Found in Cerebrospinal fluid Neurofibrillary Tangles - Obstructs axon
Treatment No isotope sensitive to tangles |
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Define ischemic stroke Define electrical failure |
Ischemia - Blockage of artery
Electrical failure - Neurons no lnoger send meaningful signals |
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Dopamine (Production, Cognition/ behaviour, dysfunction, studies) |
Production |
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Norepinephrine |
Production |
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Serotonin |
Raphe nucleus
Mood
Mood disorder (depression) |
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Acetylcholine |
Basal forebrain Mesopontine tegmentum
Long term potentiation Long term and short term memory Sensory processing/ attention Movement (PNS)
Alzheimer's Myasthenia gravis Mild cognitive impairment |
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Donepezil (What it does, why it is used) |
Increases ACh Boosts memory - Does not retard AD |
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Challenges with psychopharmacology (3) |
Yerkes-Dodson curve An individual's baseline level for a NT - Medium NT has peak performance
Interactions with other NTs Imbalance in one NT can affect other NT
Effect of other factors Hormones can affect NT imbalance |
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4 major divisions of the spinal cord |
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral |
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Cauda equina |
Right under spinal cord Allows medical injection or fluid removal |
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Major motor tracts (5) |
Corticospinal tract - Voluntary movement Rubrospinal - Voluntary movement; serves as back up Tectospinal - Head and neck movement Vestibulospinal - Balance Reticulospinal - Muscle tone; Prepares for movement |
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Major somatosensory tracts (2) |
Medial lemniscal tract - Touch & proprioception Lateral spinothalamic tract - Pain & temperature |
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Primary lobe functions (4) |
Frontal lobe Executive functions; higher order functioning Voluntary movement Language production
Temporal lobe Accessing knowledge and memory Acquiring knowledge Sound, reading comprehension
Parietal lobe Somatosensory Constructing space; attention
Occipital lobe Vision Processing colour |
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Major areas in motor and somatosensroy homunculi |
Face and hand - Improvement in control/ sensitivity |
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Purpose of association cortex |
Allows for more complex actions; polysensory areas Much more in parietal and frontal lobes |
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Limbic system (4) |
Emotion and memory
Amygdala Emotional processing Regulation of emotion
Cingulate Becomign aware of one's emotional state - Know if we need to be more in control of owns emotion
Hippocampus Memory formation
Thalamus Consciousness Sensory processing (EXCEPT smell) |
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Basal ganglia |
Wraps around thalamus laterally Initiation of movement Skill learning |
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Midbrain (3) |
Tegmentum Homeostasis
Substantia nigra Creates dopamine
Crus cerebri and red nucleus Voluntary movement |
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Hindbrain (3) |
Reticular formation and medulla Autonomic vital life functions eg. Heart beat, breathing etc.
Pons Bridge between cerebellum and cortex
Cerebellum Originally thought to do low level processing - Fine motor coordination Speech programming - Coordinate vocal apparatus (Tongue, larynx etc.) Memory Spatial processing Executive functioning |
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Skull meninges (3) |
Dura mater Tough leathery substance
Subarachnoid space web-like structure Fluid filled to separate brain from skull - Maintain metabolic balance & brain pressure
Pia mater Soft, delicate layer above entire brain |
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Major cerebral artery distribution (3) |
Middle cerebral artery Cover both lateral side of brain Frontal, parietal, temporal
Anterior cerebral artery Medial surface of frontal and parietal
Posterior cerebral artery Occipital and ventral and medial temporal lobes |
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Describe the steps for the genesis of the human brain (4) |
Neuronal proliferation Large amounts of neurons generated prior to birth
Neuronal migration Precursor cells (new neurons) created in ventricular zone Migrates via radial glial cells toward cortical plate - Cortex built inside out
Neuronal determination and differentiation Cell type determined when cell is created via mitosis Neurons location determined by placement in ventricular zone - Cells near each other will be closer together in cortex
Synaptogenesis and pruning Creation of synapses begins 2nd trimester for 15 months Pruning lasts up to 10+ years - Less in frontal and temporal lobe |
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What factors affect reaction time behaviour What are the hypothesized stages for reaction time? (4) |
Wakefulness, attention, drugs, neuronal speed, how much you care about the study
Encoding -> Compare -> Decide -> Respond |
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Criteria for cognitive models (4) |
Clearly specified and realistic Parsimonious - Simple as possible Falsifiable - Testable Linked to our knowledge of the brain eg. If we have step ABC, where does step A occur in the brain, where does step B occur etc. |
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Explain the supervisory attentional system |
Perceptual system - See an object Trigger database - Prepares for action; primes body Schema control unit - Determine list of actions that can be performed to object - Automatic tendency Supervisory attentional system - The 'brake' of the system - Knows what is socially appropriate to do action Effector system - Engagement of activity with body |
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Describe single-cell recording
What is the disadvantage and how is it improved |
Electrode brought next to one neuron Every time neuron sends AP, signal is heard
Only for a specific area Multi-unit recordings allow for a pool of neurons to be seen |
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Define retinotopic mapping
Define tonotopic mapping |
Retinotopic mapping Tells us which brain region is activated for its corresponding visual areas
Tonotopic mapping Higher frequency processed higher in the auditory cortex |
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Describe the 3 animal lesion studies |
Frontal leucotomy Regulate aggressive behaviours
Frontal lobe and amygdala damage Kluver-Bucy syndrome - Copulate with different species
Parietal damage Visuomotor control deficit |
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CT scan (Use, adv., disadv.) |
Computerized axial tomography 3D x-ray of the whole body Different tissues in body absorbs different amount of radiation
Can be used immediately
Give harmful radiation |
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sMRI (Usage steps, adv., disadv.) |
Structural magnetic resonance imaging Enter strong magnetic field -> H atoms line up -> Radio waves knocks H -> Generates resonance -> Different tissues gives off different resonance
Very clear imaging of body/ brain
Cannot be used with people that has metal in body Cannot be used on unconscious people due to reason above |
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Explain spatial normalization |
Template of a number of averaged brain used as comparison for each individual |
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DTI
Define fractional anisotropy |
Diffusion tensor imaging Detects water movement pathways - Linked with axonal connections between brain regions
Fractional anisotropy To what extent is water moving freely |
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EEG
ERP |
Electroencephalography Electrodes pick up electrical brain signals Poor spatial resolution Good temporal resolution
Event-Related Potentials Averages numerous amount of trials - Smooth out brain wave - Cancel out noise Peaks and troughs tell us about their associated cognitive processes in brain |
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fMRI
Explain BOLD signal |
Functional magnetic resonance imaging Ogawa found magnetic properties differ in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin - High oxygenated blood flow to brain region = large neural activity Good spatial resolution Poor temporal resolution (Repetition time 1s)
Blood oxygenation level depenent signal Blood flow changes linked to oxygen level ie. Large BOLD signal = More oxy-rich hemoglobin in region |
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Explain the subtraction method from fMRI |
BOLD signals mapped onto sMRI template Minus the regions that overlap from both conditions -> Shows the region for specific finding |
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TMS Single vs. repetitive |
Transcranial magnetic stimulation Stimulate brain region to activate or deactivate
Single-pulse TMS Spatial and temporal precision is essential
Repetitive TMS Increase/ decrease local neural activity - induce lesion Allows us to see how cognition is affected by lesioned brain region |
