Psyc 403 Midterm 1

- He restored Law equal to all ("the Capitulary")

- He integrated Europe as a Christian entity, as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Christian-Roman)

- He set up the Roman-like (romantic) code of conduct : virtues of courtesy, moral decency, honor, respect for women, patriotism, selfless service

- Chivalry : wrestling, jousting, archery, poetry, music

- Ora et labora (pray and work) in service of people

- Living in seclusion, ex. Meteora

- Benedictines from Monte Casino; work and pray

- Franciscans : St-Francis of Assisi, ascetic life and helping

- Dominicans: intellectuals, teachers (Univ. Paris) Thomas Aquinus

- Jesuits : professionals, professors (Loyola, Brebeuf)

Reference to political, artistic and intellectual values as they are respected here and now

With reference to political, artistic and intellectual values as they were respected there and then.

- Use of rational thinking along with faith as a tool for seeking the truth

- Leading figure : Thomas Aquinas

- St. Anselm and Peter Lombard

Ordered by the Church at the beginning of the 13th century; for men only.

- Latin language was the universal tongue at school, in church and hospitals

- Courses were taught by priests, monks and civil theologists specialized in religion (philosophers)

Much later, Non-Christian scholars would be invited to lecture

Mentality of a specific TIME and PLACE ex. American pragmatism. Developed by Hegel (semi-mystical force) and Goethe (world view, collection of beliefs of a specific time ex. 19th century industrialism and 21th c. "internet-ism".

Ideas and events have a momentum to be expressed : at the right time and place.

Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd-Allah ibn Sina

The "Galen" of Islam; medicus and scholar

- He wrote "Canon of Medicine" used in Europe until 1650 in Latin.

- Aristotle-ish faculties of the soul: human, animal and vegetative in hierarchy

- Neoplatonian macrocosm: a person is a microcosm = let reconcile reason with faith.

- Theory of 4 humors in dx and tx of physical, mental and psychosomatic diseases.

5 external senses : vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell

7 internal senses:

- Common sense

- Compositive animal imagination (generelization of objects ex. trees, cats)

- Compositive human imagination : generelization of abstract concepts

- Instinctual memory "estimative power"

- Individual memory "retentive imagination"

- Self-awareness

- Free will, responsibility and relation with God

Extraordinary persons make history ex. Alexander the Great, Hitler, Copernicus, etc.

Cycles of growth and collapse (wealth/poverty, war/peace, dev/stagnation, spirituality/materialism)

No regularity in history, it has no meaning, rather an imposed one on chaotic events. Ex. Sartre philosophy, Heisenberg theory of uncertainty, Feyerabend's theory -> theories emerge by chance

Marko Marulic (1450-1524)

Psychology of human rational soul; from geek "psuche" = soul + "logos" = words.

Johannes Thomas Freigris (Renaissance)

Essay on "Ciceronians"

Rudolph Goeckel - 1590 - psychologia

It reappears later in the 1700s

Artistotle

matter + form give meaning; body + soul = meaningful

Potential being : material untouched

Actual being: material given intention

Final, teleology, entelechia : final intention to the object, or activity, everything is done for a purpose

Entelechia : "completeness"

Aristotle:

All things are striving for actualization, potential to active being; from simplest beings to humans.

The humans are closest to the divine

Rational human soul survives eternally ; but no earthly memory

B = f(P)

R = f(P, V, S, A)

P = personnality

V = visceroception (all bodily senses)

S = stimulus

A = antecedent

How to be happy ? (Greco-Roman)

- Avoid emotional struggle

- Keep distance from turmoil

- Avoid power struggle

- Avoid stress and focus on peace of mind

- Acceptance of life in philosophy

- Diogenes "the Hippie"

- Obcene, rejection of social norms and tradition

- Citizens of the free world, living independently, didn't care for others

- Lived in poverty, no trust of official philosophies

Pyrrho of Elis

- Distrust any sense or perception

- There is no absolute truth

- Humility when making any judgment or conclusion

- Social rules, customs, and traditions respect by peace of mind

- British politician and manager of science, he financed modern observatories, labs

- Novum Organum, new approaches to studies, freedom from bias, importance of methodological discipline

- Bias of prejudice, stereotype (idols of the cave)

- Bias of weakness of sensory data ("" tribe) ex. Swans.

- Bias of reliance on authority ("" theatre),

- Bias of verbal attribution ("" marketplace); reification.

17th and 18th century: discoveries

- Copernicus book (1543) ; Kepler improvements

- Galilei : invention of telescope and moon observations (1609)

- 1628 : W. Harvey : blood circulation

- 1650: B. Pascale ; 1st barometer

- Newton : spectrum (1666); gravitation law (1687)

- Time of navigation, conquests and political intrigues

- Gradually, scholars' independence of scholasticism and the Church

- Academies (beyond universities): group of scientists, researchers, intellectuals.

From details to generalized hypothesis

- Cue : 2, what number is next?

- 1st hypothesis: The next number is a double value of the previous one, thus 8 is next.

- Cue: 2, 2, 4, 6 ?

From a general assumption (major premise), through particular observations to a particular conclusion. Syllogism.

ex. All birds have two legs, Aga is a bird, (without seeing Aga) = Aga has two legs.

ex. Cretan are liars classic

ex. Books and circles . THE ANSWER IS 802.

- Jesuit schooling

- Studied law at Poitiers

- Personal crisis ; engaged in fighting, gambling, subscribe to be a military soldier, etc.

- Intense spiritual experience : mathematics, geometry and logic as the major tools of philosophy.

- Fun fact: he frequently changed houses because he didn't like crowds gatherings ; private person, solitary.

- Invited by Christina of Sweden in 1649 ; she hoped to persuade her nation to switch back to Catholicism, using Descartes, famous Catholic philosopher.

- He died from pneumonia in 1650 in Sweden

- prolific in Latin and French

- Pythagorean-Platonic influence : ultimate knowledge is always mathematical.

Innate basic intuitions; the axioms of geometry, unity, infinity, perfection and God

- rationalist = logic deduction

- Humans unique self-awareness, free choice and rationality ; the mind is not material, the body is material; but equally two realities.

Dualism ; interactionism (pineal gland)

- Animal spirits also in animals (prototype model of the reflex)

- * Emotions or passions: interaction between visceral (ex. adrenaline, tension, heart beat, etc.) and brain processes (ex. interpretation, conscience, etc.) (animal spirits) James-Lange Theory ref. Body functions as a machine except the human soul.

- Free will should control the passions = virtuous conduct.

Lawful clockwork universe designed by God ; the Great Clockmaster

- exposed to vapours of mercury, he started hallucinating in lab experiments.

- Studied at Cambridge Uni; maths, astronomy and optics, professor of math there.

- Principia Mathematica - 1687

- Laws of motion, gravitation and planetary mechanics in mathematical relationships

- Studies of light spectrum, prism

- Experiments in alchemy

- Importance of mathematical models of observed regularities

- Know to avoid hypotheses

- Eternal motion

- Perfect machine put in motion by God ; the Big Mover, then continues on its own. Mechanistic notion.

ref. René Descartes, Mettrie's "L'Homme Machine (1748), Thomas Hobbes' "The Leviathan" (1651) (Hobbes not in exam).