Psyc Chapter 4

Process of converting basic sensory infor into neural activity the brain can interpret

Johannes Muller

The idea that separate brain areas are specialized for different sensory inputs

Occur when surprising and new events capture out attention

(Experienced in boredom)

We are set up to devote less attention to familiar stimuli

Gustav fechner

Measure the relationship between the energy detected by our sensory organs and our psychological experience of that energy

The minimum amount if energy/stimuli, we cna detect at least 50% of the time

The smallest difference we can detect

- how much before a person notices

And

- how much stimulus before they are confident enough to say something

focused on the elementary units of perception

(The whole is greater than its part)

Perception is far more than simply the component part that go into it

Make 2D, 3D

We use the visual features of objects to determine which are the objects in our ebb8orment and which parts are in the background

Grouping objects together according to feature they have in common

Grouping objects together according to their closeness in space

Grouping features together when some part of the is obscured by another object

New preceptions

Preceptions derived from prior experiences and expectations

Misunderstandings

High - brighter

Low - dimmer

Pale/white

Mix of different wave lengths

White outer shell of eye

Color part in front

Color around eye

Muscle that controls pupil size

1. Photoreceptors (light resistors that absorb energy, translate into neuro signal)

2. Ganglion cell (infront of photo receptors) transmit signal from photoreceptors to brain

3. Optic nerve (where the axons of ganglion cells are bound together)

1. Rods (more sensitive to light and dont produce as fine grained image)

Mostly Found outside fovea

2. Cones (less sensitive to low intensity but allow us to see color

Found closer to center

How rods and cones adjust to darker conditions

Color vision based off of 3 types of cones that are each sensitive to a specific wave length/color (red, blue, yellow)

Color vision depends on patterns of neural signals that put pairs of color in opposition (red vrs green, blue vrs yellow, black vrs white)

Myopia

Prevent bringing scenes into focus

Hyperopia

Prevent bringing close objects into focus

The point where the nerves from the eyes cross over to go to the opposite side of the brain

Responds to edges at specific points

Create rough image

Deals with processing visual info according to its identity

Unconsciously corrections for variations

-Viewing angle

-Lighting

-Distance

See objects the same even from different angle s

See the same color even if it's in a shadow, ect.

Distance of objects doesn't mess with the size

Guides motor action based on vision

Convergent - good for close objects

Rentinal disparity - uses the differences in viewing angle

Lens changes shape to focus object close or far

Objects close appear to be moving fast and in opposite direction

Vrs

Far away same direction, slow moving

One object obscures another

Paral lines look close together farther awat

Texture more defined when closer

Objects higher in plan, tend to be farther away

Focusing on only one task

When you focus on one thing you miss other many others thing.

Gorilla, ball pass experience

Effect on air molecules by a distribution

Amount of displacement an air molecule has

High - louder

Pinna (outer ear)

Auditory canal (tube from Pinna to ear drum)

Ear drum (mallets, incus, stapes)

Converts vibrations into neuron signal

Basilar membrane (flexes)

-distrups hair cells connected to dendrites

Higher frequency produce greater displacement of hair cell nearest the stapes

Lower frequency produce more displacement further along the basilar membrane

The stapes taps against the cochlea at the frequency that matches the frequency of the sound waves

Basilar membrane and hairs also have that same frequency

Neurons work as a team (alternating firing) to achieve a higher frequency of firing

Figuring out where sound is coming from by;

Sound arrives at ear at slightly different times and frequency (closer ear - higher)

Sound shadow - dampening of sound caused by head

Process info of sound location

Further processing of sound (for higher concept, e.g. use of sound to understand speech)

Duller - farther away

Sensitivity for touch varies depending on where on the body

Active exploration of objects

Understanding the position of our body parts

Pain perception

1. Fast fibers (sharp intense pain)

2. Slow fibers (throbbing pain)

Spinal cord cell send pain to brain other inhibit

Being in a state of arousal activates the inhibitor

Absence of activity causes hypersensitivity in those neurons

Mirror therapy to prevent this

Taste

Salty, sour, bitter, sweet and umami (savory - e.g. blue cheese, seaweed)

Surface of the tonge

To thalamus and than gustatory cortext

Molecules bind to receptors at the tip of our nasel cavity

Contains cila which binds with particular molecules

Receive signal from olfactory epithelium