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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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REM Sleep
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stage of sleep where vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active; where memories become consolidated and solidified
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Alpha waves
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the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, wake state
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Sleep
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marked by the slowed breathing and the irregular brain waves of Stage 1
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Stage 1 Sleep
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experience fantastic images, resembling hallucinations-sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus; you may have a sensation of falling (at which moment your body may suddenly jerk); hypnagogic sensations may be incorporated into memories
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Stage 2 Sleep
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sleep spindles; clearly asleep, but awakened easily; sleeptalking may occur
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Sleep 3 Sleep
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Transitional stage of rest
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Stage 4
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hard to be awakened; wetting the bed or sleepwalking may occur; delta waves
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Delta waves
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the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
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Age and sleep
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newborns spend 2/3 of their day asleep; adults typically get 8 hours, but they can sleep for 9; as we grow older, our Stage 4 sleep decreases
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Why do we sleep?
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we awake refreshed, sustain better moods, and perform more efficient and accurate work
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Sleep deprivation
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weakens immune system, impaired concentration, and greater vulnerability to accidents; stress and hungers hormones increase; reaction times decrease
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Overcoming insomnia
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exercise regularly but not late in the evening, avoid caffeine after early afternoon along with rich foods (wtf is a rich food? Gold plated cannoli?), relax, sleep on a regular schedule, hide your clock, manage your stress level
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Insomnia
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recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
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Narcolepsy
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a sleep disorder characterized y uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times; a brain disease
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Sleep apnea
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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings; associated with obesity
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Night terrors
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a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occurring during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
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Nightmares vs. Night terrors
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nightmares are remembered and occur during REM sleep; night terrors are seldom remembered and occur during the first few hours of Stage 4 sleep, children hardly wake up
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Manifest content
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according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
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Latent content
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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
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Function of dreams
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to satisfy our own wishes, to file away memories, to develop and preserve neural pathways, to make sense of neural static, to reflect cognitive development
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REM rebound
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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation, created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep
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Circadian Rhythm
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the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
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Storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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Sleepwalking
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Genetic links; mixture of brainwave pattern; partially awake: brain still processing information; partially asleep: not forming memories
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Sleeptalking
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Can answer questions and converse; usually during Stage 4; during REM, clear and emotional; cannot reveal hidden truths
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Stages of Sleep
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After Stage 4 sleep, return to stage 3, return to stage 2, REM sleep. After few hours, no stage 4; later, no stage 3.
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Storage
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the retention of encoded information over time; holding information after environmental item removed
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Sensory storage
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Holds information in relatively unprocessed form; the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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Encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning
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Retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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Flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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Mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organization devices
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Chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically; letters, words, phrases, etc; stored in STM
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Iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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Echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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Characteristics of short-term memory
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limited in duration and capacity; stores 7 bits of information; better for random digits than random letters; better for hearing rather than seeing; you retain about 4 information chunks
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Memory and stress/emotion
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increase in emotion leads to an increase in memory
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Implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection, but you cannot explain
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Explicit memory
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memories you can explicitly state
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Recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
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Recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
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Recalling
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a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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Priming
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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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Retrieval cues
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anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later; the more you have, the better your chances of finding a route to the suspended memory; mnemonic devices, tastes, smells, sights, context effects
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Context effects
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putting yourself back in the context where you experience something can prime your memory retrieval; déjà vu, mood-congruent memory
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Mood congruent memory
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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
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Encoding failure
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we encode some information automatically; other types of information require effortful processing
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Improving memory
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study repeatedly, make the material meaningful, activate retrieval cues, use mnemonic devices, minimize interference, sleep more, test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know
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Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve
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the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time; storage failure
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Proactive interference
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something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later
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Retroactive Interference
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new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier
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Retrieval failure
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when old and new material compete, when we don’t have adequate retrieval cues, or repression
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Misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
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Amnesia
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the loss of memory
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State-dependent memory
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what we learn in one state-be it drunk or sober-may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
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Elaborative rehearsal
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what is actually means, and how to actually use it
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Maintenance rehearsal
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repetitive internal speech
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Personality
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an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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Ego
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the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, supergo, and reality; operates on the reality principle
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Reality principle
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the ego’s way of satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring about pleasure rather than pain
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Id
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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle
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Pleasure principle
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the id’s demands to seek immediate gratification
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Superego
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the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
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Stages of psychosexual development
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the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud
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Fixation
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according to Freud, a lingering focus on pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
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Defense mechanisms
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in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Repression
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the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Regression
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a defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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Reaction formation
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a defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites; people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
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Projective tests
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a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
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Inkblot tests
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the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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Trait perspective
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more concerned with describing individuals than explaining them; people’s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives
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MMPI
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the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes
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Personality inventories
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a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
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Big Five Personality Traits
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conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion
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Social cognitive perspective
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views behavior as influenced by the interactionism between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context
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Self
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assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions
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Self-serving bias
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a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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External locus of control
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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
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Internal locus of control
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the perception that you control your own fate
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Learned helplessness
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the hopeless and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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Libido
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sexual desire
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DSM-IV-TR
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Mental disorders books; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
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Three D's
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deviant, distressing, dysfunctional; to determine whether or not someone is acting normally
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OCD
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anxiety disorder; reoccurring anxiety-provoking thoughts ends with a repetitive actions to reduce overwhelming anxiety
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Dissociative identity disorder
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multiple personality disorder; split selves/personalities/memories; protect self from sever emotional trauma; each ego has difference brain activity/waves
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Depression
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mood disorders; lasting feels or sadness and despair
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Personality Disorders
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sociopath and psychopath; male without guilt; no physiological response to anticipated threat, harm
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Bipolar disorder
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mood disorder; cycle between depression and mania
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Paranoid schizophrenia
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delusions of grandeur or persecution; hallucinations
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Disorganized schizophrenia
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flat or inappropriate effect, disorganized thoughts (word salad)
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Catatonic schizophrenia
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immobility/posing, wild purposeless movements
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Undifferentiated schizophrenia
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mixing bowl category of mental illness
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Sensory memory
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A memory buffer that preserves information in its orignal form for a brief time
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Short term memory
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The memory system that is a limited-capacity store capable of maintaining unrehearsed information for approximately 20-30 seconds
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A fraction of a second
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How long does iconic memory last?
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Short-term memory
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Generates about 5-7 meaningful pieces of information
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Chunking
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Individual units are combined into a single larger unit of meaning
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Retrograde
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Said to occur when memory loss occurs for events that happen prior to the onset of amnesia
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Infantile amnesia
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The inability of most people to remember personal experience from the first few years of their lives
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Borderline personalty disorder
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Unstable identity, emotions, cutting
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Narcissistic personality disorder
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Exaggerate own worth, success fantasies
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Histrionic personality disorder
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Melodramatic, impulsive, praise seeker
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Social-Cognitive Approach
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Personality is determined by our learned beliefs about our interactions with the environment
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Anal Stage
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When children first encounter social rules
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Unconscious Mind
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Includes thoughts, desires, and repressed memoires we are unaware of; id
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Pretty conscious!
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What level of consciousness is the ego/superego?
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Iconic and echoic
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Two types of sensory store
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Holds 5 items, lasts 1-2 seconds
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Echoic memory
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Selective attention! Only SOME sensory information goes on.
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Why need sensory storage?
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