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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
transduction
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translating an external stimulus (light) into an electrochemical signal
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a change in wavelength means
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a change in color/hue
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a change in light intensity means
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a change in brightness
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what is the normal range of human vision
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380-760 nm
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who was Johannes Kepler?
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first suggested that the retina contained receptive cells; astronomer, worked w/ convex lenses
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explain the transduction of light into neural activity
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photon strikes photopigment at photoreceptor, photopigment splits, message is transmitted to bipolar cell and then to ganglion cell, sent to brain
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cones
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bright light vision; colour; fine detail; low neural convergence
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rods
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high sensitivity in dim light; poor acuity; no color; high neural convergence
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fovea
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area of retina where the ganglion cells are “pulled” aside;
reduces light distortion; increased acuity; only cones |
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why are rods more sensitive?
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have photochemical rhodopsin which is extremely sensitive to light (broken down in bright light)
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macular degeneration
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diseases that lead to breakdown of the macula - responsible for central vision and visual acuity
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glaucoma
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pressure buildup in eye due to overproduction or improper drainage of liquid
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cataracts
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opacity of the lens due to excess fluid - light has trouble passing through
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hyperopia - how is it corrected?
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far-sightedness - focal point is behind retina; convex lens
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myopia
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near-sightedness - focal point is in front of retina; concave lens
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subtractive colour mixing
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mixing coloured pigments; red, yellow, blue
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additive colour mixing
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mixing coloured lights; blue, green, red
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three primaries law
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mixing the right proportion of the 3 primary lights will match any colour the eye can see
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law of complementarity
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mixing 2 complementary colours of light will make white light
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trichromatic theory of colour vision
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brain combines signals of all 3 sensors (blue, red, green light sensitive) to produce perception
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opponent process theory of colour vision
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red-green opponent cells, blue-yellow opponent cells, brightness detector cells - opponent cells cancel each other out
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how do we code information about object shape?
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defined by edges/contours (one level of brightness occurs next to another), exaggerated by visual system
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lateral inhibition
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some retinal cells inhibit their neighbours; cells encoding info from the edge are inhibited by the light beside them and will fire less making them seem darker
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where-and-how pathway
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primary visual cortex to dorsal portions of parietal lobe - detects object location and motion
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what pathway
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primary visual cortex to ventral portion of temporal lobe - object/color recognition
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top-down processing
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perceptual processing that begins higher up in the brain - basic sensory info plus info from previous experience or larger context
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bottom-up processing
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based on incoming sensory information directly from sensory inputs
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Treisman's feature-integration theory
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stage 1 - detection of primitive sensory features
stage 2 - integration |
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pop-out stimuli
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vary from distractor stimuli by one feature; hard to spot when they combine 2 or more features of distractor stimuli
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illusory conjunctions
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faulty integration of primitive features leading to misperception (mixing up colors of straight and squiggly lines)
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Gestalt theory
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automatically perceive whole, organized patterns; proximity, similarity, closure, good continuation, common movement, good form
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examples of conscious and unconscious interference
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conscious - dual percept images
unconscious - rotating mask |
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Biederman
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objects are decomposed into features, features are combined into 3-D geometric shapes called geons, combined groups of geons are matched against templates of objects stored in memory
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templates
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Involves matching incoming stimuli patterns to established, memory-based, cognitive ‘templates’
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prototype
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visual patterns are analyzed against a prototype, or more generalized representation, instead of a rigid template
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optic ataxia
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reaching deficits
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akinetopsia
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inability to see moving objects
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visual agnosia
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inability to recognize/identify objects
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visual form agnosia
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can see that something is present but can't perceive its shape
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visual object agnosia
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can recognize shape but can't identify what it is
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prosopagnosia
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can't recognize faces
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fusiform gyrus specializes in
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recognizing faces, individual members of any given category of objects
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eye convergence
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when your eyes move inward to view an object
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binocular disparity
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objects produce a different image on each eye (greater for close objects)
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motion parallax
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when we are moving near objects pass quickly and far objects pass slowly
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stereopsis
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perception of depth based on binocular disparity
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pictorial cues
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occlusion, relative image size, linear perspective, texture gradient, position relative to horizon, shading
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what are the visual constancies?
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brightness, colour, shape, size
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what is the modal model of the mind
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sensory, working, long-term memory
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sensory memory
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iconic and echoic memory, stores info long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics
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attention
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gate that selects relevant info from sensory and moves it to working
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priming
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activation/recall of one or more existing memories by a cue or priming stimulus; can influence thought/actions
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what is the stroop interference task
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subjects are slower to call out the colour of a word if the word is a different colour
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working memory
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conscious processing of info
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chunking
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expanding capacity of working memory by grouping small bits of info into larger units of meaningful info
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Baddeley's working memory model: what are central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad
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ce - controls flow of info in/out of working memory
pl - verbal rehearsal vsp - remembering/manipulating stimuli that have mental imagery |
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long term memory
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organizes and stores info
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primacy effect
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better recall for first words on the list - more rehearsal
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recency effect
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recall last few words
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explicit memory
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declarative/conscious memory (episodic, semantic)
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implicit memory
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influences thoughts and behaviours - doesn't enter conscious awareness (classic conditioning, priming, procedural memory)
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episodic memory
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tied to your own experiences in life
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semantic memory
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general facts/definitions
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procedural memory
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enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses
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retrograde amnesia
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loss of old memories
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to form new memories
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who was patient H.M.?
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removed part of his temporal lobe; anterograde amnesia
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who is clive waring?
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musician who got encephalitis; anterograde and retrograde amnesia
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ways to encode info into long term memory
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rote rehearsal - verbal repetition
elaboration - thinking about an item and associating it w/ other items organization - chunking, hierarchical organization visualization - mental walk, key word method narrative - items linked in a story |
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flashbulb memory
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vivid recall of circumstances in which you learned about an emotionally arousing event
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decay theory
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unused memories fade over time
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retroactive interference
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when a new memory interferes w/ remembering old info
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proactive interference
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when an old memory interferes w/ remembering new info
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retrieval cue
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prompt to aid memory retrieval
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encoding specificity principle
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stimuli or ideas that were prominent in a persons mind at the time of initial learning are effective retrieval cues
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context dependent memory
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external, environmental factors ie tested in the same place you learned it
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state dependent memory
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internal, physiological factors, same physiological state as you where when you learned it
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what does it mean to be conscious?
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Awareness of your own mental processes of perceiving, planning, remembering, thinking, etc.
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isolation aphasia
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inability to repeat speech
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Mesmer
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waved magnets around patient's body to hypnotize them
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ideomotor
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suggests a particular action
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challenge
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suggests that they won't be able to do something
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cognitive
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distortions of sensory/cognitive experience
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brain mechanisms of sleep
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circadian rhythm - 24 hour time cycle
BRAC - 90 min cycle |