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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Body
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The largest part of a neuron, containing the nucleus as well as structures that handle metabolic.
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Dendrite
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Branch-like extension from a neuron with the specialized function of receiving messages from surrounding neurons.
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Axon
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Extension of a neuron that transmits an impulse from the cell body to the terminal buttons on the tip of the axon.
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Terminal Buttons
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Swollen bulb-like structure on the end of a neurons axon that releases chemical substances known as neurotransmitters.
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Resting Potential
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State in which a neuron is not transmitting a nerve impulse. A neuron in this state has a net negative charge relative to its outside environment, and this state of potential energy prepares it to be activated by an impulse from an adjacent neuron
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Graded Potential
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Voltage change in a neurons dendrites that is produced by receiving an impulse from another neuron or neurons
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Action Potential
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Electrical signal that flows along the surface of the axon to the terminal buttons, initiating the release of neurotransmitters.
-AP is a result of movements of electric ions. Its the electrochemical impulse that transmits information along the axon. -Myelin Sheath speeds up travel time due to salutary conduction |
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Synaptic Transmission
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When action potential arrives at terminal button, synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap.
-In other words involved in transmitting a signal between neurons. *AT RECEPTOR SITE, LOCK AND KEY ACTION LEADS TO CHANGES IN PERMEABILITY OF POST-SYNAPTIC GAP. |
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Possible effects of neurotransmitters:
Excitatory effect: Inhibitory effect: |
Excitatory: Increased likelihood that receiving neuron will fire. Depolarization.
Inhibitory Effects: Further polarization; decreased likelihood that receiving neuron will fire. |
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical messenger that transmits an impulse across the synaptic gap from one neuron to another.
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Types of neurotransmitters.
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-ACETYCHOLINE
-Norepinephrine -Dopamine -Serotonin -Gama-amino butyric -Endorphins -Glutamate |
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Neuron
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Type of cell that is the basic unit of the nervous system. A neuron typically consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Neurons transmit messages to other neurons and to glands and muscles throughout the body.
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Sensory Neurons
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Neuron or nerve cell that carries messages to the CNS from the receptors in the skin, ears, nose, eyes, and other receptor organs.
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Motor Neuron
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transmit from CNS to muscles and glands
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Interneuron
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Neuron of the central nervous system that functions as an intermediary between sensory and motor neurons.
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MYELIN SHEATH
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Composed of insulating glia cells.
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Synapse
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Relates to where neurotransmission is primarily a chemical process.
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Terminal buttons
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Release Neurotransmitter
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous system
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemicals that move between two neurons.
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Node of Ranvier
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Exposed or uninsulated areas of the axon
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Activated in emergency situations and causes heart rate and breathing to increase.
-Controls the “fight or flight” reflex. This reflex prepares the body to respond to danger in the environment. |
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Central Nervous System
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Plays a central role in coordinating and integrating all bodily functions.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Counteracts the responses that are activated in emergency situations.
This system works to bring your body back to its normal state after a fight or flight reflex. |
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Medulla
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Controls vital functions such as breathings, heart rate, and blood pressure.
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Psychoactive Drugs
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Alter perceptions and behavior.
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Depressants
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Include sedatives, opiates, and alcohol.
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Stimulants
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Increase the transmission of nerve impulses in the Central Nervous System
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Hallucinogens
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Result in changes in sensory perceptions, emotions, and thinking processes.
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Adrenal Gland
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Secretes hormones that act in association with the sympathetic nervous system and also increases metabolism
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Endocrine System
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Another way, along with the nervous system, that the body governs behavior
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Gonads
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Secrete estrogens and/or androgens
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Hormones
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Chemicals secreted into the bloodstream that influence target organs
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Pituitary Gland
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Releases a number of hormones that influence other glans.
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Thyroid Gland
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Regulates metabolism
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Pons
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Controls species-specific behaviors and influences facial expressions.
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Basal Ganglia
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Contains the caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantia nigra; involved in control and initiation of motor movement.
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Thalamus
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Sensory imput from the eyes is relayed to the visual cortex by the Thalamus
-Directs sensory information to the appropraite areas of the cortex. |
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Occipital Lobe
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Contains the visual cortex
-Also known as the visual corex, this portion of the brain is involved in interpreting visual stimuli and informatio |
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Frontal Lobe
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Contains the motor cortex, Broca's area, and its involved in emotional expression.
-Also known as the motor cortex, this portion of the brain is involved in motor skills, higher lever cognition and expressive language. |
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Association Cortex
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Involved in higher mental fucntions and consists of 75 percent of the cortex
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Temporal Lobe
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Contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke's area
Also known as the auditory cortex, this portion of the brain is involved in the interpretation of the sounds and language we hear |
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Parietal Lobe
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Contains the somatosensory cortex
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Lateralization of Function
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Degree to which a particular function is controlled by only one side of the cortex.
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Reticular Formation
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Plays a critical role in arousal or alertness.
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Hypothalamus
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Involved in basic motivation, emotional expression, and control of the endocrine system.
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Afferent nerves send messages _____ the spinal cord and brain.
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Toward
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The part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons is the ______
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dendrites
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As a neuron is receiving an excitatory impulse from another neuron the cell membrane becomes _____
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depolarized.
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Cerebral Cortex
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-Outer layer of cerebrum
-Responsible for higher mental processes |
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Limbic System
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Emotional expression, motivation, learning, memory
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Cerebellum
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Coordinates and regulates motor movements
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Corpus Callosum
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Nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemisphreres
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IN AMERICAN SOCIETY, THE MOST WIDELY USED STIMULANT IS_________
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Caffeine
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The pituitary hormoes _____
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Have a variety of target organs
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The effects of cocaine are similar to the effects of _____
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Amphetamines
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The thyroid gland secretes thryoxine, which __________
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Regulates metabolism
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What is a Neuron?
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A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons are similar to other cells in the human body in a number of ways, but there is one key difference between neurons and other cells. Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body.
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Sensory neurons
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carry information from the sensory receptor cells throughout the body to the brain.
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Motor neurons
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transmit information from the brain to the muscles of the body.
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Interneurons
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are responsible for communicating information between different neurons in the body.
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Action Potentials
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How do neurons transmit and receive information? In order for neurons to communicate, they need to transmit information both within the neuron and from one neuron to the next. This process utilizes both electrical signals as well as chemical messengers.
The dendtrites of neurons receive information from sensory receptors or other neurons. This information is then passed down to the cell body and on to the axon. Once the information as arrived at the axon, it travels down the length of the axon in the form of an electrical signal known as an action potential. |
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Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released from the axon terminals to cross the synaptic gap and reach the receptor sites of other neurons. In a process known as reuptake, these neurotransmitters attach to the receptor site and are reabsorbed by the neuron to be reused.
Neurotransmitters are an essential part of our everyday functioning. While it is not known exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, scientists have identified more than 100 of these chemical messengers. |
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Acytylcholine
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Associated with memory, muscle contractions, and learning. A lack of acytylcholine in the brain is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Endorphins
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Associated with emotions and pain perception. The body releases endorphins in response to fear or trauma. These chemical messengers are similar to opiate drugs such as morphine, but are significantly stronger.
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Dopamine
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Associated with thought and pleasurable feelings. Parkinson’s disease is one illness associated with deficits in dopamine, while schizophrenia is strongly linked to excessive amounts of this chemical messenger.
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The Central Nervous System:
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Why are the brain and spinal cord so important? Think of these structures as the literal "center" of the body’s communication system. The CNS is responsible for processing every sensation and thought you experience. The sensory information that is gathered by receptors throughout the body then passes this information on to the central nervous system. The CNS also passes messages out to the rest of the body in order to control movement, actions and responses to the environment.
-Made up of the brain and spinal cord |
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The Peripheral Nervous System:
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The peripheral system (PNS) is composed of a number of nerves that extend outside of the central nervous system. The nerves and nerve networks that make up the PNS are actually bundles of axons from neuron cells. Nerves can range from relatively small to large bundles that can be easily seen by the human eye.
The PNS can be further divided into two different systems: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. |
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Endocrine system
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As noted earlier, the endocrine system is not a part of the nervous system, but it is still essential to communication throughout the body. This system is composed of glands, which secrete chemical messengers known as hormones. Hormones are carried in the bloodstream to specific areas of the body, including organs and body tissues. Some of the most important endocrine glands include the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the thyroid, the ovaries and the testes. Each of these glands works in a number of unique ways in specific areas of the body.
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4 Lobes of the Brain
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frontal (emotions)
temporal (auditory) parietal (sensation) occipital (vision) |
