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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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social exchange theory definition
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all human interactions can be viewed in terms of the exchange of mutually rewarding activities
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social exchange theory strengths
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simplicity of its assumption
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social exchange theory short comings
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the suggestion that we conduct ourselves in a similar fashion with intimate others, as well as strangers
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rewards
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it can be anything a person values
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costs
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giving another person a reward usually results in this
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variety of resources exchanged
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love, status, information, money, goods, and services
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equity theory
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people closely examine their outcomes relative to their inputs and then compare the results to their partner's inputs and outcomes
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reactions to inequity (under-benefitted)
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their outcomes, relative to their inputs, may be lower than their partner's and lead to feelings of anger, unhappiness, and exploitation
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reactions to inequity (over-benefitted)
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relative to their inputs, exceed those of their partner, should lead to feelings of guilt
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Thibaut and Kelly Model
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people evaluate their relationship against two standards
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Thibaut and Kelly Model comparison level
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what people expect to get or deserve from a relationship
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Thibaut and Kelly Model comparison level for alternatives
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people contrast their current relationship outcomes with outcomes they could possibly obtain from an alternative relationship
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communal relationships
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benefits are given based upon need with little or no consideration of reciprocity, initiating reciprocity in this type of relationship can be viewed as absurd and lead to confusion and bewilderment on behalf of the partner receiving tit-for-tat benefit
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the prototype of love (Rubin)
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liking/loving attitude scales
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liking: favorable evaluation of the other, respect for the other, the perception of similarity
loving: affiliation and dependent need, exclusiveness and absorption, a predisposition to help |
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Fehr's central features of love
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trust, caring, honesty, friendship, respect, concern for other's well-being, loyalty, commitment, acceptance, supportiveness
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Love as a misattribution of arousal
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any arousal producing event has the potential to intensify feelings of love as long as there is some ambiguity about the origin of the arousal
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love as preoccupation with other
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persistent thinking of the love object may intensify feelings of love in that our original positive evaluation may result in a continuation of congruent thoughts
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Lee's color of love Eros
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passion and strong attraction to the physical appearance of the other
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Lee's color of love Storge
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companionate love that develops from friendship
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Lee's color of love Ludus
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playful, short term love
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Lee's color of love Secondary love style Mania
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a mix of eros and Ludus, a dependent and possessive love style
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Lee's color of love Secondary love style Pragma
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a mix of storge and ludus- a logical and practical love style
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Lee's color of love Secondary love style Agape
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a mix of Eros and Storge- an altruistic love style
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Sternberg's triangular theory of love
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Love consists of three basic components: intimacy, passion, decision and commitment
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Passionate Love
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characterized by intense longing for a complete union with the love partner
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Companionate Love
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possession of intimacy, rather than the longing thereof-may be lower in passion but describes a deep connection with the person with whom the partner's life is deeply intertwined
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Transactive memory
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a shared system of encoding, storing and retrieving information that is greater than the individual memories
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Strange situation paradigm
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allowed for the observation of children's responses to being separated from their mother's
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Bowlby
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Asked by the World health organization to study mental health problems in children orphaned or separated from their parents
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Three attachment styles-via Bowlby
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secure, anxiously, and avoidantly attached children
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Haven and Shaver's love quiz and research
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posted a love quiz in the rocky mountain news, and over 1,200 adults responded to the 95 question questionnaire; included items that assessed attachment, the percentages of adults endorsing each of the three attachment styles was similar to samples of infant attachment
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Internal working models of attachment
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Object relations theorists propose that infant attachment becomes that ______ regarding the nature of other close relationships
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Bartholomew's four styles
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proposed four styles based on the valence of beliefs people have about themselves and others
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Bartholomew's four styles- Secure
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remained the same
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Bartholomew's four styles- Preoccupied
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replaced anxious-ambivalent-nervously depend on others for approval and greedily seek approval and are preoccupied with relationships
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Bartholomew's four styles- Fearful
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emerged out of avoidant- avoid intimacy because they fear rejection and want others to like them but consider it a big risk
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Bartholomew's four styles-Dismissing
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emerged also out of avoidant-intimacy is just not worth the trouble
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Attitudes about Sex
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Americans have been ambivalent in their attitudes, sexual matters can be traced to our Victorian and Puritan roots, television continued to censor sexual content of music including the Rolling stones appearance on the Ed Sullivan show
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Alfred Kinsey
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two-volume report of pioneering research on human sexuality published by this man and colleagues
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Sexual Pathways- why we have sex
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1. physical reasons 2. goal attachment. 3. insecurity 4. emotional reasons.
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hook-ups
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a dating practice involving casual, usually a one time only sexual encounter between acquaintances or even strangers
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Sex and the Married couple
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2 times per week
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Homophobia
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may be the outcome of latent homosexual tendencies as well as because of essentialist beliefs that may derive from certain religious and cultural beliefs
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Heterosexism
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discrimination or prejudice from heterosexuals toward homosexuals
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The EBE model
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proposes that variables influence sexual orientation by shaping childhood temperament, which predisposes children toward sex-typical or sex-atypical activities
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Homophobia
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may be the outcome of latent homosexual tendencies as well as because of essentialist beliefs that may derive from certain religious and cultural beliefs
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The exotic becomes erotic
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proposes that homosexuality originates in a specific sequence of events in which both biology and experimental factors come into play
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Heterosexism
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discrimination or prejudice from heterosexuals toward homosexuals
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The gay brother effect
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Bogaert suggested that the greater number of older biological brothers, the higher the probability that younger brothers will be gay
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The EBE model
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proposes that variables influence sexual orientation by shaping childhood temperament, which predisposes children toward sex-typical or sex-atypical activities
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The exotic becomes erotic
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proposes that homosexuality originates in a specific sequence of events in which both biology and experimental factors come into play
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The gay brother effect
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Bogaert suggested that the greater number of older biological brothers, the higher the probability that younger brothers will be gay
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Sex typical
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preferring activities related to your gender, e.g. boys enjoying rough and tumble play
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Sex-atypical
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preferring activities that are gender-noncomforming. e.g. girls preferring rough and tumble play.
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gender differences for men
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conversation is the way you negotiate your status in the group, use talk to preserve your independence, activities, doing things together, are central
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gender differences for women
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use conversation to negotiate closeness and intimacy, being best friends means sitting and talking
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Topical cohesion
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the extent to which topics introduced to a conversation are related; characterized by covering a lot of topics in a short amount of time whereas women like to talk in depth about fewer topics
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interruptions
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simultaneous speech that penetrated into the structure of the speaker’s utterances which occurs before a possible transition place in the original speaker’s turn
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interruption overlaps
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errors in transition that occur on or about the final word of the speaker
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Confirmation interruptions
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responses which express approval, understanding or acceptance of A’s position
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Rejection interruptions
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responses from B, which somehow indicate disagreement or disapproval of A
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Disconfirmation interruptions
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the most dysfunctional types of communication, because they negate the reality of A as a source of self-definition
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Interruption Research
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violate normal conversational rules are negative or undesirable behaviors represent an attempt to exercise power and to dominate and control, men interrupt women 96% of the time
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Gender differences in politeness
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women tend to be more polite, men may be polite depending upon the perceived power differential, however there is no significant difference in the gender speech styles
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Tag Questions
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adding a question at the end of a statement; women do this to attain certainty “we’re eating out, aren’t we?” women tend to use this more often to promote solidarity, men for uncertainty
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Gender differences if emotionality and support
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women-inquire about an upsetting situation, provide emotional support, seek emotional support from others, feel confident about their ability to provide support, place a high value on support giving skills, employ supportive strategies directed at emotions and are encouraged to express their emotions and to offer emotional support whereas men are encouraged to keep emotions hidden and not to express sadness and distress
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Long distance relationships
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couples find ways to cope with separation, found to have higher levels of idealization and romantic love, greater perceived agreement, and more relational reminiscence than proximal couples
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