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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
social psychology
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the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people transmitted from one generation to the next.
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social representations
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socially shared beliefs- widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world.
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
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theory
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an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.
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hypothesis
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a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
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field research
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research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.
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correlational research
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the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables.
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experimental research
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studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant).
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random sample
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survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion. (helps us generalize to a population)
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framing
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the way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions
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independent variable
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the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates
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dependent variable
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the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable.
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random assignment
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the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition. (helps us infer cause and effect)
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mundane realism
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degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.
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experimental realism
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degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants.
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deception
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in research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes.
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demand characteristics
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cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.
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informed consent
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an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
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debriefing
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the postexperimental explanation of a study to its participants. Debriefing usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understandings and feelings.
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spotlight effect
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the belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are.
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illusion of transparency
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the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
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self concept
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a person's answers to the question "who am I?"
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self-schema
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beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
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self-reference effect
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the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself.
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possible selves
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images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future.
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social comparison
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evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
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individualism
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the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
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collectivism
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giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
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interdependent self
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construing one's identity in relation to others.
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confederate
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an accomplice of the experimenter
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impact bias
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overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
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immune neglect
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the human tendency to neglect the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system", which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.
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dual attitudes
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differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
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self-esteem
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a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.
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self-efficacy
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a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, one's sense of self worth. A bombardier might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem.
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locus of control
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the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.
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learned helplessness
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the hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or an animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.
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self-serving bias
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the tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
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self-serving attributions
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a form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.
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defensive pessimism
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the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action.
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false consensus effect
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the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.
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false uniqueness effect
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the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.
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group-serving bias
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explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group).
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self-handicapping
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protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.
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self-presentation
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the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals.
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self-monitoring
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being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression.
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