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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An enduring change in behavior that results from experience
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Learning
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A type of learned response that occurs when a neutral object comes to elicit a reflexive response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response
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classical conditioning
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a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex
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unconditioned response
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a stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning
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unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that elecits a response only after learning has taken place
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conditioned stimulus
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a response that has been learned
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conditioned response
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the gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimuli
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aquisiton
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a process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus
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extinction
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a process in which a previously extinquished response reemerges following presentation of the conditioned stimulus
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spontaneous recovery
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occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response
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stimulus generalization
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a learned tendency to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one if consistently associated with the US and the other is not
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stimulus discrimination
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an aquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or a situation
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phobia
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the idea that animals are biologically programmed to learn to fear specific objects
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biological preparedness
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a cognititve model of classical conditioning that states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined the by extent to which the US is unexpected
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Rescorla-Wagner model
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a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future
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operant conditioning
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Thorndike's general theory of learning that states that any behavior that leads to a satisfying state of affairs is more likely to occur again, and those that lead to an annoying state of affairs are less likely to recur
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law of effect
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a stimulus following a response that increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
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reinforcer
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a process of operant conditioning that involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
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shaping
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reinforcers that are innately reinforcing such as those that satisfy biological needs
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primary reinforcers
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events or objects that become reinforcers through their repeated pairings with primary reinforcers
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secondary reinforcers
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a stimulus following a response that decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
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punishment
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the increase in the probability of a behaviors being repeated following the administration of a pleasurable stimulus (reward)
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positive reinforcement
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the increase in the probability of a behaviors being repeated through the removal of an aversive stimulus
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negative reinforcement
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punishment that occurs with administration of a stimulus that decreases the probability of a behaviors recurring
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positive punishment
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punishment that occurs with removal of a stimulus that decreases the probability of a behaviors recurring
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negative punishment
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a type of learning in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time it occurs
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continuous reinforcement
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a type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittenly
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partial reinforcement
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a schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times a behavior occurs
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ratio schedule
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a schedule in which reinforcement is based on a specific unit of time
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interval schedule
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a schedule in which reinforcement is consistently provided upon each occurance
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fixed schedule
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a schedule in which reinforcement is applied at different rates at different times
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variable schedule
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the greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement
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partial-reinforcement extinction effect
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a visual/spatial mental representation of the environment
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cognitive map
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learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement
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latent learning
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the knowledge transferred within a culture
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meme
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learning that occurs when behaviors are acquired or modified following exposure to others performing the behavior
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observational learning
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the imitation of behavior through observational learning
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modeling
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learning that occurs when people learn the consequences of an action by observing others being rewarded or punished performing the action
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vicarious learning
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neurons in the premotor cortex that are activated during observation of others performing an action
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mirror neurons
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a procedure in which animals are able to self-administer electrical shock to specific areas of the brain
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intracranial self stimulation
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a decrease in behavioral response following repeated exposure to nonthreatening stimuli
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habituation
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a increased behavioral response following exposure to a threatening stimulus
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sensitization
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the strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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