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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_____ is any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience.
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Learning
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_____ is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires that capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
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Classical Conditioning
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What was classical conditioning sometimes called and why?
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Pavlovian Conditioning
because Ivan Pavlov was the first to describe this process in 1903. |
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The _____ is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
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Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS) |
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The _____ is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
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Unconditioned Response
(UCR) |
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The _____ is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity ti evoke a conditioned response.
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Conditioned Stimulus
(CS) |
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The _____ is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
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Conditioned Response
(CR) |
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To drawn out or bring forth
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Elicited
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A ____ in classical conditioning consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.
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Trial
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_____ refers to the initial stage of learning something.
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Acquisition
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_____ the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
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Extinction
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_____ is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
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Spontaneous Recovery
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_____ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
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Stimulus Generalization
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_____ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
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Stimulus Discrimination
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_____ in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.
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Higher-Order Conditioning
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_____ is a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
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Operant Conditioning
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_____ occurs when an ecent following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response.
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Reinforcement
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A _____ is a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.
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Skinner Box
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To ____ means to send forth.
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Emit
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_____ are the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.
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Reinforcement Contingencies
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The _____ creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time.
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Cumulative Recorder
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_____: the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
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Shaping
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_____ occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.
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Resistance to Extinction
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_____ are cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.
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Discriminative Stimuli
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_____ are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
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Primary Reinforcers
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_____ are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
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Secondary
or Conditioned Reinforcers |
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A _____ is a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.
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Schedule of Reinforcement
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A _____ occurs when a disignated response is reinforced only some of the time.
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Intermittent Reinforcement
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A _____ occurs when every instance of designated response is reinforced.
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Continuous Reinforcement
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In a _____ the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.
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Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule
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In a _____ the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.
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Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule
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In a _____ the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.
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Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule
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In a _____ the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average.
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Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule
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_____ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
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Positive Reinforcement
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_____ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed be the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.
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Negative Reinforcement
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In _____ an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.
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Escape Learning
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In _____ an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring.
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Avoidance Learning
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_____ occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.
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Punishment
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_____ learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs.
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Latent Learning
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_____ occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
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Observational Learning
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_____ is a systematic apprach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.
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Behavior Modification
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_____ a written agreement outlinging a promise to adhere to the contingencies of behavior modification program.
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Behavioral Contract
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_____ consists of efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a UCS to a new CS.
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Evaluative Conditioning
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