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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Growth in weight and height is linear. |
False. As height and weight do generally increase together, it is usually exponential and is not constant. Extreme weight loss and gain may occur at any point in height. |
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Bonfenbrenner's ecological systems approach |
Development is multicontextual by stressing how a person, with his or her biological and psychological characteristics, is embedded in a series of environmental systems |
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Research designs |
Cross sequential- separates the effects of age, cohort, and time measurement |
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Humanism |
Theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs |
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Five Stages of Psychosexual Development According to Freud |
Oral |
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Holophrase |
A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. "Juice!" |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages |
Trust v Mistrust |
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Piaget's four major periods of cognitive development |
Sensorimotor- 0-2 years- Using senses and motor actions to explore the world Preoperational- 2-7- Conservation developed, use of grammar and syntax. Imagination strong. Concrete Operational- 7-11- Concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space, quantity. |
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Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
A person's standing in society based on indicators such as occupational prestige, education, and income. |
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
Molecular basis of life |
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Genes are only used or "turned-on" prior to birth. |
False. Genes are active throughout life. |
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Zygote |
Combination of sperm and egg, fertilized egg cell |
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Monozygotic Twins |
Originate from one zygote, share 100% of their genetic material. |
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What determines the sex of a developing fetus? |
Whether the sperm entering the egg first carries an X or a Y chromosome. |
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SRY gene |
(Sex-determining Region Y gene)- Gene of male sex determination |
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Genotype |
Particular genetic makeup of an individual |
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Phenotype |
How genes are physically expressed. |
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An experiment which assessed infants' perception of depth |
Visual cliff |
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Why are males more likely to suffer from genetic disorders that are X-linked? (Like color blindness). |
Males only have one X chromosome (XY). |
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Placenta |
Organ formed early in the embryonic period that provides oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and eliminates metabolic waste. |
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The concept that genes and the environment interact to produce a particular pattern of development is emphasized by epigenetic theory. |
True. |
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory* |
Children learn best when they are in the zone of proximal development |
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Teratogen |
Any agent that can disturb the development of a fetus. |
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Which of Erikson's stages corresponds to the stage that Freud identified as the Oral Stage? |
Trust V Mistrust |
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It is impossible to receive more than two of each chromosome. |
False. XXX Females and XXY males. |
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A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. |
Secure Attachment. Most babies in the US exhibit this type of attachment |
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Insecure Avoidant Attachment |
An infant avoids connection with the caregiver. Doesn't care about caregiver's presence, departure, or return.
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Insecure Ambivalent Attachment |
Infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver.
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Insecure Disorganized Attachment |
Infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return
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Age of Viability |
The age at which a fetus is able to live outside of the womb. (Now 22 weeks). |
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Factors used in determining a child's Apgar score after birth |
Heart Rate, Respiration, Color |
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Infants are born completely helpless, with no survival behaviors. |
False. Screaming. |
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Prevention method for Sudden Infant Death Sydrome (SIDS). |
Lay the infant on his or her back to sleep. |
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Affordance |
Relationship between an environment and organism that affords the organism to perform an action. |
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There is no known critical period for organ development. |
False. Fetal stages is a critical period for organ development. |
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Three stages of labor |
Contractions open cervix, |
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Humans have 23 chromosomes in each and every cell of their body. |
False. Sex cells. |
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Object permanence |
Knowing that an object is still in existence if it is out of sight. |
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Underlying factors of all motor skills |
Practice, |
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Children grow more at night. Newborns lose weight before gaining it. Development is ___________ |
Multidirectional. |
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Although not fully developed, all senses function at birth. |
True. |
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Infant's ability to remedy deficits in their environment in order to promote their own brain's development. |
Self-righting. |
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One reason that early researchers underestimated infant memory because they failed to differentiate between implicit and explicit memory. |
True. |
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Habituation Study |
Repeating one stimulus until babies lose interest and then presenting another slightly different stimulus (sound sight or other sensation). They can tell the difference between the two. |
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Brain cells that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way that they would as when actually performing the action. |
Mirror neurons. |
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The sequence of early language development is universal. |
True. |
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Chomsky's theory about how young children learn language including that they are genetically pre-programmed and have a |
LAD- Language Acquisition Device. |
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The part of the brain that is important in planning and decision making, but is also one of the last areas of the human brain to mature. |
Prefrontal Cortex |
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Benefits of breast feeding |
Breast milk provides antibodies and decreases allergies/asthma Babies exclusively breastfed in the early months are less likely to become obese. Fats and sugars in breast milk make it more digestible and better for the brain than milk substitutes. |
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Because of children's propensity to overeat and under exercise... |
This generation could be the first in 100 years to have a shorter lifespan. |
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"Just-right" stage. |
Insisting on having everything just the way that the child wants it. Usually grow out of it by six. Exhibits behavior such as not wanting to eat if their food has touched. |
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Preservation |
The tendency to persevere in or stick to one thought or action for a long time
"are we there yet" |
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Fine motor skills v Gross motor skills |
Writing your name (small scale movements), kicking a ball (large scale movements) |
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Injury prevention |
Primary- Overall situation is structured to make harm less likely (sidewalks, speed bumps) Tertiary- Limiting the damage caused by the injury (such as seeking medical help) |
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Focus on appearance |
Obstacle to logic- if a girl's hair is cut short, she turns into a boy because boys usually have short hair. |
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Concept of Conservation |
Arranging objects or moving them to appear as if there is more of it leads a child to believe that there is a higher quantity. (Glass with liquid video). |
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Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky) |
Children can master some tasks with the help of others. |
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Helping a child to do something to help them learn. |
Scaffolding. |
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Overregularization |
Applying the wrong grammatical syntax to words. "I catched two mouses in a trap!" |
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If home educational quality is poor, then |
a quality pre-school is especially beneficial. |
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Ability to use symbolic thought is a |
milestone of preoperational thought |
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A theory of mind is one's own personal understanding of the complex interaction among emotions, perceptions, thoughts, and intentions in oneself and others. |
True |
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An important psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of two and six is |
regulation of emotions |
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For a long time, developmentalists such as Piaget overestimated children's thinking sills. |
False. They underestimated them. |
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Parallel Play |
Sitting apart, playing with objects, together. |
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Cooperative Play |
Playing together, inclusively, with the same thing. |
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Onlooker play |
Watching someone else play. |
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Solitary play |
Playing by oneself. |
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Children who lack self control are most likely to have parents who .... |
Practice the permissive parenting style. |
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Authoritarian |
My rules, my way, all the time. |
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Authoritative |
Strict, but reasonable. |
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Freudian theory of when a little boy develops sexual feelings for his mother and becomes jealous of his father |
Oedipus complex |
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Behavorists stress _____________ to understand a child's development of gender attitudes and roles. |
Reinforcement and punishment. |
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Neglectful/uninvolved parenting is a style that Baumrind did not identify. |
True. As it is not considered parenting. |
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When children begin to lie, it is a sign of |
Advanced theory of mind. |
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Entity theory of intelligence v incremental theory of intelligence |
Entity theory- Intelligence is a fixed quantity at birth. Effort does not enhance achievement
Incremental theory- Effort enhances achievement |
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The process by which a sequence of thoughts and action makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought. |
Automatization |
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Obstacles to logical thought in early childhood cognition |
Static reasoning, focus on appearance, irreversibility |
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Comorbidity
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The presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person. |
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Impaired social responses is a sign of |
autism spectrum disorder |
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Most children with autism spectrum disorder show some initial signs of the disorder in |
infancy |
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Equifinality |
Many causes result in one disease. (Autism, obesity) |
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The idea that children need to come into contact with minor infections and diseases when they're young in order to prevent asthma and allergies |
Hygiene hypothesis |
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_______ have the tendency to ruminate on subjects, therefore have a higher chance of suffering from clinical depression. |
Girls. |
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The HPA axis triggers the release of _________ |
Cortisol, the stress hormone. |
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Myelination |
The process of which myelin (waxy coating) forms on the ends of neurons. Speeds thought, reaction times, and increases motor skills. |
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Limbic system brain parts |
Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus |
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Symbolic thought |
Such as using a shoe for a telephone. Major accomplishment of Piaget's preoperational thought. |
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Fast-mapping |
The ability to quickly categorize to learn faster. Knowing that curse words are "for when you drop something" |
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Types of aggression |
Instrumental- Hurtful, aimed at gaining something
Reactive- Impulsive retaliation Relational- Nonphysical, insults or social rejection Bullying- Unprovoked |
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Intrinsic v Extrinsic motivation |
Intrinsic- Motivation from within, personal self-reward and gain. |
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Classification |
Children in Piaget's concrete operational level can categorized based on classifications. |
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Freud psychosexual stage in which a child's sexual drives are pushed to the background and remain quiet. |
Latency |
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High self-esteem has been found to be universally valued across cultures as a vital part of social development |
False. |
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Child culture |
Customs, rules, and rituals that are passed down to younger children from slightly older ones. "No one likes a tattle tale." |
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Intuitive Thought |
Thought that adolescents display when they use gut reactions, typically fueled by emotions, to make a decision. |
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Adolescent -limited offenders are likely to persist in criminal activity throughout life and become what is referred to as a "career-criminal." |
False. Adolescent-LIMITED. |
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Diathesis-Stress model |
Manifestation of stress (Such as anxiety, PTSD) will vary among person to person based on prior experiences. |
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OCEAN |
Big Five Personality Traits Agreeableness |
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Researchers have found little to no evidence to support the idea of a midlife crisis. |
True. |
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Ecological niche |
Selection of neighborhoods, mates, hobbies and careers based in part on personality traits. |
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Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning |
The pregnant woman stuck in the cave example. |
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Gottman's Predictors of Divorce |
Criticism |
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Those suffering from Alzheimer's disease have more _________ and __________ than the brain of a healthy individiual. |
Plaques and Tangles. |
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Allostatic Load |
Accumulation of stress. When we encounter many stressors, even if they are individually small, they can add up to increase our risk of health problems. |
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Hayflick Limit |
Maximum number of times that a cell is able to divide. |
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The shortening of _________________ eventually leads to the cessation of cell replication and leads to cell death. |
Telomeres. End caps to chromosomes that shorten with each cell division.
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Free Radicals |
Toxic and chemically unstable byproducts of metabolism. These damage cells and compromise their functioning. Combat with anti-oxidants in your diet. |
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Typical adults report feeling 5-10 years _________ than their true age. |
Younger. |
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Derogatory way of speaking to older people in high-pitched, slow pace. |
Elderspeak |
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Compression of morbidity |
Working to prolong healthiness, supressing illnesses. |
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Why might drugs work differently in older patients than younger ones? |
Older patients may have slower metabolisms. |
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Sandwich generation |
Generation of adults who are taking care of both their children and aging parents. |
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Primary aging v Secondary aging |
Primary aging: Aging that happens to everyone, is not preventable. Graying hair, loosening skin, wrinkles. |
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First visible sign of aging. |
Skin. |
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Hearing loss at 60+ |
Presbycusis. Can occur earlier due to hearing damage. |
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Hormone replacement therapy risks |
Heart disease and cancer |
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Flynn effect |
Over the generations, due to accessibility to knowledge, better education, better health, IQs increase. |
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Practical intelligence |
Sternberg. Intelligence used in every day problem solving. |
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Flexible thinking |
Enjoying experimenting and the challenge of when things do not go according to plan. |
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Vocational identity |
Self-identity defined by career and skill set. (Difficult for most US emerging adults to achieve). |
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At what stage in the life are the most number of friendships prevalent? |
Emerging adulthood. |
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Consequential stranger |
An acquaintance who is not a friend but still has an impact on your life. |
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Physical separation in parents and children |
Strengthens the relationships between parents and children. |
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In instance of the aging process, caloric restriction and vitamin intake may _________ |
Slow the aging process |
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Vitality |
How good, young, and healthy a person feels. Increased by exercising regularly, eating healthy, and having good friends. |
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Massification |
The idea that college can benefit everyone, and isn't solely available to the elite of society anymore. |
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Fluid intelligence |
decreases with aging. (such as fast-mapping) Crystallized tends to increase. |
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NK cells |
Natural killer cells. Stress lowers immune function, therefore decreases the amount of NK cells in the body. |
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Cohabitation |
Unmarried and living with a partner.
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Social convoy |
A social network and support system that accompanies us through life and changes as we age. |
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How to slow down normal aging. |
Exercise, moderate diet, avoidance of drugs. |
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What sections of the brain atrophy first? |
Hippocampus, Prefrontal cortex. |
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Average human lifespan v maximum human life span |
Average- average age mid-80s-90s. Maximum- longest living person. 122. |
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Ageism |
Prejudices based on chronological age. |
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Demographic shift |
No longer a pyramid. Looks more like a rectangle, in that adults, older adults, and elderly and living longer and less children are being born. |
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Selective optimization with compensation |
Compensating for deficiencies by doing something differently. (i.e. driving slower and avoiding night driving due to decreased vision). |
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Neurogenesis |
New neurons provide cognitive adaptability to succeed in context of challenging and changing environments. Neurons form and dendrites grow in the olfactory region and in the hippocampus. |
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What parts of the brain are most likely to decrease in volume? |
Hypothalamus (Memory) and Prefrontal Cortex (Planning, response inhibition, coordination) |
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How does brain usage in older adults compare to that of younger adults? |
Older adults use more of their brains to solve problems. Caused by compensation/optimization, reduced brain reserves, wandering minds. |
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Stereotype threat in re: memory |
Impedes memory processes, suspecting that memory loss can affect future memory. |
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Source amnesia |
may contribute to less analysis of information when elders cannot remember origin of a fact. |
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Prospective memory |
involves remembering to perform a future task, fades with age, lessened ability to shift mentally among tasks. |
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Prospective memory-paradox |
Age differences in prospective memory are readily apparent in laboratory tests but disappear in some naturalistic settings. |
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Alzheimer's Disease |
Most common of neurocognitive diseases. Gradual deterioration of memory and personality, marked by formation of plaques and tangles in the brain. |
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Vascular dementia |
Dementia characterized by sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated or temporary obstructions of blood vessels. VAS is more common than Alzheimer's disease after 90. |
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Characteristics of frontal lobe disorders |
Personality changes caused by deterioration of the front lobes and amygdala. Emotional and personality changes. Usually begins later in life. |
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Parkinsons in re: Dopamine |
Parkinsons does not always lead to neurocognitive disease. Starts with rigidity or tremors of the muscles. Younger adult w/ Parkinsons may avoid cognitive problems for years. Neurons that produce dopamine degenerate. |
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Most important nongenetic factor in preventing impairment |
Engaging in regular physical exercise prevents, postpones, and slows cognitive losses. |
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Polypharmacy |
When elderly are prescribed several drugs and the side effects can cause neurocognitive disorder symptoms. Some drug combinations can produce confusion and psychotic behavior. |
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Life Review |
An examination of one's own part in life, taking the form of stories written or spoken by elderly people who want to share them. Results are almost always positive. |
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Self-Theories |
Theories of late adulthood that emphasize the core self, or the search to maintain one's integrity and identity. |
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Integrity v Despair |
Final stage of Erikson's developmental sequence. Older adults seek to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community |
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SST (Socioemotional Selectivity Theory) |
Older people prioritize their emotional regulation, seeking familiar social contacts who reinforce their generativity, pride, and joy. |
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Positivity Effect |
Tendency for elderly people to perceive, prefer, and remember positive images and experiences over the negative ones. Positive thoughts lead to happiness, which lends the impression that someone has led a happier life. |
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Stratification theories |
Theories that emphasize social forces, particularly those related to a person's social category (stratum), limit individual choices, and affect a person's ability to function in late adulthood. (Social circles, race, gender, etc) |
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Disengagement Theory |
Most controversial version of age stratification. The view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role reliquishment, withdrawal, and passivity |
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Activity theory |
The view that elderly people want and need to remain active in a variety of social spheres, with relatives, friends, and community groups and become withdrawn unwillingly as a result of ageism. Suffer from withdrawal. |
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Race crossover |
Phenomenon in which elderly minority outlive non-minorities. |
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Retirement in re: work and health |
Some people prefer to work after 65 because of the self-fulfillment it give them. Health does not generally decline as a result of retirement. |
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Volunteerism in re: work and health |
Volunteering is linked to generativity, social connections, less depression, and improvement of overall health. |
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Aging in place |
Remaining in the same home and community later in life. |
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NORC (Naturally Occurring Retirement Community) |
A neighborhood or apartment complex whose population is mostly retired people who moved to the location as younger adults but never left. |
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Long term care |
Nursing care |
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Alternative care |
Assisted living in that people combine privacy and independence with medical supervision, group homes, townhouse developments. |
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Village care |
Elderly people who live near each other and pool their resources, staying in homes but also getting special assistance when they need it. |
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Beanpole family |
Multiple generations but only a few members in each one. |
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Marriage and well being |
Spouses buffer each other against problems of old age, thus extending life. Married adults are happier, wealthier, and happier than unmarried people their age. |
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Four potential roles of grandparents |
Remote |
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Remote Grandparents |
Emotionally distant grandparents |
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Companionate Grandparents |
"Fun loving" entertain and spoil grandchildren |
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Involved grandparents |
Active in day-to-day lives of their grandchildren. |
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Surrogate (grand)parents |
Raising their grandchildren usually because the parents are unwilling or unable to do so. Most detrimental role of grandparent that affects well-being and health. |
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Frail elderly |
People over 65 but more often over 85 who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively disabled. Fraility is common in the months preceding death. Typical caregiver for the frail elderly in the US are the person's children. |
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ADLs (Activities of Daily Life) |
Actions that are important to independent living, typically identified as the five tasks of self-care. |
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IADLs (Instrumental Activities of Daily life) |
Actions, such as paying bills or driving a car, that are important to independent living and require some intellectual competence and forethought. May be more critical to self-sufficiency than ADLs |
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Elder Abuse |
More likely to occur when the care receiver is a feeble person who suffers severe memory loss. Care giver may be drug-addicted relative, care occurs in an isolated place, visitors are few and far between. |
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How has health changed in the past 100 years? |
Death occurs later, dying takes longer, death often occurs in hospitals, causes of of death are no longer mostly from infectious disease and childbirth. |
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Terror Management Theory |
Idea that people adopt cultural values and moral principles in order to cope with their fear of death. |
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What makes a good death? |
Peaceful, quick, painless, occurs after a long life, passing in the company of family and friends in familiar surroundings. |
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Kubler Ross Stages of Dying |
Denial |
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Criticisms of Kubler Ross Stages of Dying |
Non-sequential, desperation not included as a stage. |
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Hospice/Palliative care |
Institution or program in which terminally ill patients receive care (palliative) that eases the way out, specialized care to make the person as comfortable as possible during the remainder of their life. |
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How do doctors identify when death has occurred? |
No longer breathe spontaneously, eyes no longer respond to pain, scalpel toe test, brain death |
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Passive Euthanasia
|
A situation in which a person is seriously ill is allowed to die naturally through the cessation of medical intervention. |
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Active Euthanasia |
A situation in which someone takes action to bring about another person's death with the intention of ending that person's suffering (Doctor Assisted Suicide) |
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DNR |
Do Not Resuscitate order |
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Living Will |
A document that indicates what kinds of medical intervention an individual wants or does not want if he/she becomes incapable of expressing those wishes. |
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Health care proxy |
A person chosen by another person to make medical decisions if the second person becomes unable to do so. |
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Types of grief |
Bereavement (sense of loss) |
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Complicated Grief- Absent Grief |
A situation in which overly private people cut themselves off from the community and customs that allow and expect grief, can lead to social isolation. |
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Complicated Grief-Disenfranchised Grief |
A situation in which certain people, although they are bereaved, are prevented from mourning publicly by cultural customs or social restriction. |
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Complicated Grief-Incomplete Grief |
A situation in which circumstances interfere with the process of grieving. |