Psych Midterm 2

Combines emotion-focused and problem-focused coping.

competitive, driven, high sense of urgency, difficult to accept failure

Heart Disease

even-tempered, laid back, work steadily, reflective and innovative

They may be more likely to see potentially stressful situations as challenges rather than threats. People with terminal illnesses may see the beauty in the situation and may even live longer. Positive emotions may facilitate recovery from the psychological effects of negative emotions.

It is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not the person is under stress.

Works as a buffer only under certain conditions, such as a highly stressful life.

Developed by Holmes and Rahe, the scale quantifies stress in terms of major life changes. The higher the value, the greater the stress associated with an event.

Measures the frequency and intensity of minor irritations (hassles) and positive events of daily life that may counteract their damaging effects.

Quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental event for the individual.

Self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress.

A generalized, non-specific set of changes in the body that occur during extreme stress.

1. Alarm, 2. Resistance, 3. Exhaustion

Physiological shock, all of the body’s resources respond to a perceived threat

Extended effort by the body to deal with a threat

All resources for fighting the threat have been depleted and illness is more likely

Mobilizes the body’s resources to act via the effects of adrenal medullary activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The HPA axis is active too, and the sustained release of cortisol from the adrenal glands may move from being helpful to being harmful in the long run.

Stress - Hypothalamus - Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic) - Adrenal Medulla - Secretion of norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress; increased heart rate, increased respiration, raised blood pressure.

Stress - Hypothalamus - Corticotropin Releasing Factor - Pituitary Gland - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - Adrenal Cortex - Secretion of cortisol

The stress hormone, released by the adrenal gland to mobilize the body’s energy resources during stressful situations. Plays a role in the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy ensuring more glucose is available for fuel in the bloodstream.

Include norepinephrine and epinephrine. Chemicals released from the adrenal glands that function as hormones and as neurotransmitters to control ANS activation.

Steroid hormones released by the adrenal glands; responsible for maintaining the activation of bodily systems during prolonged stress.

Way of dealing with stress that aims to change the situation that is creating the stress.

Combines problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies.

Way of dealing with stress that aims to regulate the experience of distress.

Conformity to the behaviour of others because one views them as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do.

Conformity to the behaviour of others in order to be accepted by them.

Phenomenon in which the presence of others improves performance on easy tasks, or worsens performance on difficult tasks.

Occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards and slack off.

The tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes.

The tendency to explain others’ behaviour in dispositional rather than in situational terms.

Situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision. Proposed by Irving Janis.

A type of conformity in which a person yields to the will of another person.

Tendency of people to adjust their behaviour to what others are doing or to adhere to the norms of their culture.

How powerful situations can make reasonable people do things that seem cruel and unusual.

Inferences made about the causes of other people’s behavior.

Ascribe other people’s behaviour to something within them, such as their personality, motives, or attitudes.

When people think that something outside the person, such as the nature of the situation, is the cause of his or her behaviour.

The feeling of discomfort caused by information that is different from a person’s conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person.

The tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same.

An individual’s favourable or unfavourable beliefs, feelings, or actions toward an object, idea, or person.

Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong.

Negative behaviour towards another based upon that individual’s group membership and is usually the result of prejudicial attitudes.

A biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on generalizations about what members of that group are like.

When aggression stems from feelings of anger.

When aggression is a means to achieve some goal.

Phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help.

When there are many people around, an individual’s responsibility to act seems decreased.

Selfless attitudes and behaviour toward others.

The act of helping others in the hope that they will help us in the future.

The idea that people help others selflessly only when they feel empathy for them.

a change in behavior that is requested by another person or group

sociable, talkative, active, outgoing, confident

interested in new ideas, imaginative, original, curious

planned, organized, orderly, hard-working, punctual, ambitious

friendly, warm, trusting, generous, good-natured

anxious, worrying, tense, emotional, high strung

personality assessments in which the participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see

acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behaviour

to love someone only when they do things that we want or like

keeping unpleasant thoughts, feelings or impulses out of consciousness

a socially unacceptable impulse is expressed in a socially acceptable way

turns a unpleasant idea, feeling or impulse into it's opposite

people deny particular ideas, feelings or impulses and project them onto others

an unhealthy need to dominate or upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency

anger or rage that originates in childhood and stems from fear of being neglected or rejected by one's parents

feelings of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as potentially hostile

Compliant personality, clingy, belittling oneself, repressing feelings of anger and hostility

aggressive personality - competing at almost everything, puffing oneself up in an obvious and public manner

optimistic about human nature, believing that humans are naturally interested in realizing their full potential

focuses on the empirical study of such things as positive emotions, strengths-based character and healthy institutions

the process by which personal factors, behavior and the environment all interact with one another to shape an individuals personality

peoples belief about their ability to perform the behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes

Measureof how much agreement there is in ratings when using two or more raters orcoders to rate personalities or other behaviors

Ad - direct and relatively objective

Dis - costly and time-consuming

Ad - open-ended questions, natural and comfortable

Dis - difficulty of scoring responses reliably

Self-report instruments thatindicate the extent to which a person agrees or disagrees with a series ofstatements

Involvesusing reason or theory to come up with a question

Focuseson questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is intended todistinguish

level of consciousness containing all drives, urges and instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most behavior

Freuds term for the seat of impulse and desire; the pleasure seeking part of our personality

Freuds term for the part of the mind that moniters behavior and evaluates it in terms of right and wrong; the conscience

Freuds term for the sense of self; the part of the mind that operates on the "reality principle"

what we are aware of at any given time

below the surface of awareness, not currently conscious but can become so relatively easy

Freuds stages of personality development; in different stages a different region of the body is most erogeneous

a defence mechanism whereby a person continues to be concerned and even preoccupied with earlier stages of development

may result in smoking and sarcasm in adulthood

may result in obsessive compulsive cleaning disorders

Evolutionary favouring of genes that prompts individuals to help their relatives or kin

We help when the benefits to ourselves outweigh costs

Intimacy, passion and commitment.

Intimacy + Commitment

Passion + Intimacy + Commitment

Intimacy + Passion

Intimacy + Commitment

Mere exposure - Repeated exposure to an object, idea, or person causes you to like it moreSimilarity - Strong predictor of attraction to friends and matesReciprocal liking - We like those who like us

Satisfying relationships, comfortable with intimacy. Positive self-image, positive image of others.

Dismissing of intimacy, high self-confidence, low self-disclosure. Negative image of others, positive self-image.

High reliance upon others, high emotional expressiveness, low self confidence. Negative self-image, positive image of others.

Fearful of intimacy, low self-confidence and disclosure. Negative self-image, negative image of others.