Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
free association
|
Freudian method
told patients to relax and say whatever comes to mind freud thought it would lead to the unconcious |
|
|
unconscious
|
beneath awareness
contains thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories |
|
|
preconscious
|
unconscious thoughts temporarily stored here
can be retrieved into conscious awareness |
|
|
conscious
|
awareness of selves and environment
|
|
|
id
|
unconscious, constantly striving to satisfy natural drives
survival, reproduction, aggression operates through pleasure principle ex: drug users |
|
|
ego
|
contains partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgements, memories
tries to gratify the ID in realistic ways that bring long term happiness ex: with no ego, express all sexual urges |
|
|
superego
|
voice of moral compass
conscience...how we should behave standards for judgement |
|
|
pleasure principle
|
seeking immediate gratification
seek pleasure, avoid pain fulfill basic urges |
|
|
reality principle
|
seek to gratify id impulses in realistic ways
bringing long term pleasure |
|
|
oral stage
|
birth to 18 months
focus on sucking, biting, chewing |
|
|
anal stage
|
1.5 to 3 years
focus on potty training, bowel and bladder elimination |
|
|
phallic stage
|
3 to 6 years
oedipus/electra castration anxiety and penis envy |
|
|
castration anxiety
|
boys experience guilt/fear of punishment through castration from their father
|
|
|
penis envy
|
girls become jealous they dont have penis to play with
|
|
|
latency stage
|
6 to 11/puberty
dormant sexual feelings |
|
|
genital stage
|
puberty and onward
maturation of sexual interests |
|
|
identification
|
process where boys cope with threatening feelings (oedipus) by becoming and acting like parent
superego gains strength from incorporating parent values |
|
|
defense mechanisms
|
how ego protects itself
reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality |
|
|
repression
|
banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, memories, feelings from consciousness
underlines all other defense mechanisms repressed urges come out in form of dreams, slip of tongue |
|
|
rationalization
|
unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening reasons
|
|
|
displacement
|
diverts sexual/aggressive impulses toward an object/person that is more psychologically acceptable than one arousing feelings
ex: student snap at roommate when angry about test |
|
|
sublimation
|
allows us to act out unacceptable impulses by converting behavior into acceptable form
ex: angry person taking kickboxing classes |
|
|
projection
|
disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others
ex: think somebody hates you, when really you hate them. |
|
|
reaction formation
|
take opposite feeling, impulse than what you really think
ex: strongly dislike someone, but act very nice to them "i hate him" bcomes "i love him" |
|
|
denial
|
refusal to admit somethings happening
ex: person dying denies gravity of illness, drug addicts say not addicted |
|
|
regression
|
go back to earlier stage of development
ex: child on first day of school sucks thumb |
|
|
Horney
|
believed childhood social tensions are crucial for personality formation
|
|
|
Jung
|
believed in collective unconscious
said it explained why peoples spiritual concerns are deeply rooted, why different cultures share myths/images |
|
|
collective unconscious
|
common reservoir of images derived from species univeral experience
|
|
|
archetypes
|
Jung idea
The Shadow THe Anima (male) The Animus (female) The Self |
|
|
Adler
|
believed that behavior is driven by effort to conquer CHILDHOOD FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY
feelings that trigger strivings for superiority and power |
|
|
inferiority complex
|
feeling that one is inferior to others in some way
arise from imagined or actual inferiority in afflicted person |
|
|
projective tests
|
personality test (TAT/Rorschach) that provide ambiguous stimuli
trigger projection of ones inner dynamics |
|
|
thematic apperception test (TAT)
|
view ambiguous pictures, make up stories about them.
boy daydreaming. what is he thinking? people say about achieving, they are projecting own goals |
|
|
Rorschach inkblot
|
diagnostic tool
seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations |
|
|
Psychodynamic perspective: too focused on sexual issues
|
little support for Freud idea that defense mechanism disguise sexual/aggressive impulses
history disproved Freud notion that suppressed sexuality causes psych disorders |
|
|
unconscious processes
|
two-track mind has realm like unconscious of Freud
but is Information processing not seething passions |
|
|
terror management theory
|
anxiety arises from awareness of vulnerability and death
death anxiety increases prejudice, contempt for others, esteem for self |
|
|
Maslow
|
proposed hierarchy of needs
|
|
|
hierarchy of needs
|
if physiological needs met --> worry about personal safety
when we achieve sense of security --> seek love when love satisfied --> seek self esteem self esteem satisfied --> self actualization |
|
|
self-actualization
|
process of fulfilling our potential
motivation to fulfill one's potential |
|
|
Rogers
|
humanistic psychologist, agreed with Maslow
people are self-actualizing |
|
|
self-concept
|
central feature of personality
all thoughts and feelings we have in response to question WHO AM I? |
|
|
ideal self
|
rogers asked people to describe themselves as they would ideally like to be
|
|
|
incongruence
|
discrepency between self-concept and reality
|
|
|
(un)conditional positive regard
|
attitude of total acceptance towards another person, even accepting their failings
|
|
|
critiques of Humanism
|
concepts are subjective (maslow descriptions not scientific)
individualism can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, erosion of moral restraints fails to appreciate human capacity for evil |
|
|
factor analysis
|
statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items
items tap basic components of intelligence (spatial, verbal) ex: people who describe selves as outgoing say they like excitement and dislike quiet reading |
|
|
eysenck's theory
|
believed we can reduce normal variations to 2 or 3 dimensions
(intro/extroversion and stable/unstable) |
|
|
introversion-extroversion
|
genetically influenced factor
extrovert - social, like company introvert - quiet, like alone time |
|
|
stable-unstable
|
genetically influenced factor
stable and unstable emotions |
|
|
Personality inventories
|
questionnaires covering wide range of feelings and behaviors
design to assess several traits at once |
|
|
MMPI
|
classic personality inventory
used to assess abnormal personality tendencies rather than normal traits |
|
|
empirically derived
|
MMPI test; testing large pool of items
questions clumped into groups, healthy and nonhealthy people compared |
|
|
Big 5
|
expanded list of trait factors describing our personality
CANOE conscientiousness agreeableness neuroticism openness extraversion |
|
|
traits vs. situations
|
walter mischel
situations drive behavior, not personality |
|
|
reciprocal determinism
|
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition and environment
ex: kids tv viewing habits (past behavior) influence viewing preferences (internal factor) influence how TV (environment) affects current tv behavior |
|
|
internal locus of control
|
perception that you control own fate
I control my destiny |
|
|
external locus of control
|
perception that chance or outside forces beyond your control determine your fate
chance determines my fate |
|
|
learned helplessness
|
people feel helpless, hopeless depressed when REPEATEDLY faced with traumatic events that they have no control over
|
|
|
optimism vs pessimism
|
Pessimism: those who attribute poor performance to lack of ability (I cant do this) more likely to get low grades
Optimism: those that think effort, good studying and discipline help are more successful |
|
|
positive psychology
|
study of optimal human functioning
wants to find strengths/virtues that enable people and communities to thrive |
|
|
spotlight effect
|
self-focused perspective leads us to believe that other people notice/evaluate us
ex: student wore stupid shirt walking into room of peers. wearer though 50% noticed shirt when only 23% did |
|
|
self-esteem
|
a feeling of self worth
high self esteem has benefits |
|
|
self-serving bias
|
readiness to perceive selves favorably
|
|
|
Medical model
|
mental illness has physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and mostly cured through therapy or hospital
|
|
|
criteria of abnormal behavior
|
deviance from norm
maladaptive behavior persona distress |
|
|
DSM-IV
|
widely used system for classifying psych disorders
|
|
|
biopsychosocial approach
|
studies how
biological psychological and social cultural factors interact to produce psychological disorders ex: LatAmerica fears black magic, japanese fear eyecontact (different symptoms, share anxiety) |
|
|
axes
|
five levels of DSM IV
1. clinical syndrome? 2. personality disorder/intellectual disability? 3. medical condition also present? 4. psychosocial/environment problems? 5. global assessment? |
|
|
labeling effect
|
labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions/interpretations
ex: going to hospital complaining hearing voices, answered all other questions truthfully and STILL misdiagnosed |
|
|
ADHD
|
symptoms: inattention, hyperactive, impulsive
cause: genetic variation in Y chromosome overdiagnosis!!!! |
|
|
disorder predictors
|
predictor of mental disorder is poverty
serious psychological disorders doubly high for those below poverty level |
|
|
protective factors
|
wide range of protective factors
ex: academic failure can be protected by aerobic exercise |
|
|
Phobias
|
anxiety disorder
irrational fear causes person to avoid object/activity/situation avoid stimulus that causes fear interferes with normal funcitoning |
|
|
GAD
|
worrying continually
often jittery, agitated sleep deprived concentration difficult. attention switches from worry to worry |
|
|
panic disorder
|
anxiety suddenly escalates into panic attack
or minute long episode of intense fear that something horrible will happen (heart palp, short breath, choking sensation, shaking) |
|
|
OCD
|
obsessive thoughts become haunting, compulsive rituals senseless and time consuming
effective functioning becomes impossible triggered by stressful life event |
|
|
PTSD
|
recurring haunting memories/nightmares
social withdrawal jumpy anxiety insomnia lingering after traumatic experience |
|
|
post traumatic growth
|
positive psychological changes as result of dealing with challeniging circumstance
ie: naomi new outlook after cancer |
|
|
causes of anxiety : conditioning
|
ex: accident at intersection; feel fear whenever car approaches from side street
|
|
|
biological predispositions to anxiety
natural selection |
biologically programed to fear threats from ancestor
spider, snake, closed spaces, heights, darkness |
|
|
genes and anxiety
|
identical twins develop similar phobias when raised seperately
anxiety genes affects serotonin levels |
|
|
Brain and anxiety
|
anxiety disorders manifested in brain as over arousal of areas involved in impulse control
|
|
|
GABA and anxiety
|
disruption in GABA prevents brain from suppressing nerve impulses related to anxiety
|
|
|
cognitive factors and anxiety
|
bad things generally happen; you are always ready for worst
|
|
|
Amnesia
|
people appear to experience sudden loss of memory/change in identity
response to overwhelmingly stressful situation |
|
|
dissociative fugue
|
total amnesia plus development of new identity in new location
can last from days to years new person + new life = new identity recovery is complete with no knowledge of what occured during fugue |
|
|
dissociative identity disorder
|
2 or more distinct identities alternately control persons behavior
original personality denies awareness of others usually have good, bad, and child causes: severe childhood trauma |
|
|
antisocial personality disorder
|
a lack of conscious becomes plain before age 15 (usually man)
usually being to lie, steal, fight dont care that they are being bad |
|
|
Genetic causes of Antisocial.PD
|
less stress hormones
little automatic nervous system arousal while awaiting bad events (electric shocks) bio relatives of those with Antisocial tendencies at increased risk |
|
|
frontal lobe and antisocial personality disorder
|
reduced activity in frontal lobes of violent offenders
11% less frontal lobe tissue than normal bad planning organizing also |
|
|
biopsychosocial approach to antisocial personality
|
kids with environmental risk factors and backgrounds in poverty (social) much more often criminals
|
|
|
conversion disorder
|
anxiety converted into physical symptom
experiences specific physical symptom with no physiological basis |
|
|
hypochondriasis
|
person interprets normal physical sensation as symptoms of disease
|
|
|
major depressive disorder
|
atleast 5 signs of depression
last 2+ weeks not caused by drugs/medical condition |
|
|
bipolar disorder (mania)
|
mania is euphoric, hyperactive, widely optimistic state
alternation between mania and depression |
|
|
Heredity/Heretability of Mood disorders
|
chances of having disorder increase if parent/sibling has disorder
35-40% heritability |
|
|
serotonin and mood disorders
|
scarce during depression
|
|
|
norepinephrine and mood disorders
|
scarce during depression, overabundant during mania =
increases arousal and boots mood |
|
|
antidepressants
|
increase norepinephrine and serotonin by blocking reuptake
|
|
|
frontal lobe and hippocampus
(mood disorders) |
less activity in brain during depressivr states, more during manic states
left frontal lobe inactive during depressed states frontal lobes 7% smaller in depressed people |
|
|
stressful life events
(mood disorders) |
death, job loss, marital crisis, assault
all increase risk of depression develops from pileup of stresses |
|
|
interpersonal theory
|
patients keep certain aspects/components of personal relationships out of awareness
by selective inattention |
|
|
social cognitive factors
|
looks at depression as whole body disorder
people have negative assumptions about selves, situation and future |
|
|
negative thoughts
|
when we feel down, we think negatively and remember bad experiences
|
|
|
self-defeating beliefs
|
arise from learned helplessness
depressed people respond to bad events in self-focused, self-blaming ways |
|
|
suicide
|
1 million worldwide yearly
people do this when their need to belong/connect with others is gone and the need to feel effective with or to influence others |
|
|
learned helplessness in mood disorders
|
acting depressed after experiencing uncontrollable painful event
|
|
|
schizophrenia defined
|
means split mind
refers to split from reality that shows itself in disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions |
|
|
symptoms of schizo
|
delusions
hallucinations inappropriate emotions |
|
|
who is likely to get schizo?
|
young people maturing into adulthood
men struck earlier |
|
|
paranoid schizophrenic
|
preoccupation with delusions and hallucinations
themes of persecution or grandiosity |
|
|
catatonic schizophrenia
|
immobility,
extreme negativism, repetition of others speech or movements |
|
|
disorganized schizophrenic
|
disorganized speech and behavior
flat/inappropriate emotions |
|
|
undifferentiated schizophrenic
|
many and varied symptoms
|
|
|
residual schizophrenic
|
withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
|
|
|
heredity and schizophrenia
|
co-twin of identical twin with schizo retains 50% chance when twins raised apart
there is genetic link in schizophrenia |
|
|
dopamine and schizophrenia
|
schizophrenic brains have excess receptos for dopamine
six-fold excess of D4 dopamine lots of dopamine intensify brain signals and create hallucinations |
|
|
brain differences in schizophrenics
|
imbalances of brain chemistry -- excess dopamine
|
|
|
maternal virus during mid-pregnancy and schizophrenia
|
mid-pregnancy viral infection that impairs fetal brain development
mothers go get flu in pregnancy increase risk of schizophrenia |
|
|
stressful life events and schizophrenia
|
seperation from parents can lead to increased chances of schizophrenia
|
|
|
dream analysis
|
analyst suggests meaning of dream to discover its underlyin yet censored meaning
|
|
|
interpretation
|
anaylsts noting:
supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors to promote insight |
|
|
transference
|
blocking anxiety laden material from unconscious when under psychoanalysis
|
|
|
resistance
|
patient pauses momentarily before telling of embarrassing moment
hints at anxiety;defending sensitive material |
|
|
psychodynamic therapy
|
therapists that try to understand current symptoms by
focusing on themes across important relationships (childhood experiences and therapist relationship) |
|
|
insight therapy
|
aimed to improve psychological function by:
increasing client awareness of underlying motives and defenses |
|
|
client-centered therapy
|
focuses on persons conscious self-perceptions
therapist listens without judging/interpreting |
|
|
active listening
|
empathic listening in which listener echoes, restates and clarifies
|
|
|
counter conditioning
|
pairs trigger stimulus (small space) with new response (relaxation) that is incompatible with fear
|
|
|
exposure therapies
|
systematic desensitization that treat anxieties by exposing people to things they fear/avoid
|
|
|
virtual reality exposure therapy
|
when anxiety-arousing situation is too expensive,difficult, embarrasing to recreate, therapy offers middle ground
head mounted display unit helps recreate fears of flying, height, animals |
|
|
systematic desensitization
|
exposure therapy that gradually eliminates anxiety
associates pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety stimulus |
|
|
aversion conditioning
|
goal is substituting negative response for positive response
seek to condition an aversion to something that person SHOULD avoid eX: lace appealing drinks with drug that makes nausea |
|
|
token economy
|
people earn a token for exhibiting desired behavior and can exchange tokens for privledge/treat
|
|
|
beck's cognitive therapy
|
seeks to reverse clients catastrophizing beliefs about selves, situations and futures
reveal irrational thinking, persuade person to remove darkness |
|
|
cognitive behavioral therapy
|
aims to alter way people think AND the way they act
ex: person who fears social situations learns new way of thinking and practice approaching people |
|
|
family therapy
|
no person is an island, live and grow in relation to families
work together as family to solve problems |
|
|
regression toward the mean
|
tendency for unusual events/emotions to regress to their average state
ex: when we feel low and exercise, followed by improvement |
|
|
outcome research
|
attempt to measure effectiveness of psychotherapy
client nor clinician can tell must look at outcome of situation |
|
|
meta-analysis
|
statistical procedure that combines conclusions of large number of diffrent studies
|
|
|
evidence-based practice
|
clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics/preferences
|
|
|
EMDR
|
developed from observation that anxious thoughts vanish as eyes spontaneously dart around
ex: people imagine traumatic event while trigger of Eye movement occurs people unlock and reprocess frozen memories |
|
|
Light therapy
|
overcomes survival advantage of ancestors that causes oversleeping, weight gain, feeling lethargic during dark days
intense daily doses of light SAD goes away |
|
|
psychotherapy : Hope
|
therapy offers expectation that with commitment, things can get better
placebo effect |
|
|
psychotherapy: New perspective
|
provides people with explanation of symptoms and alternative way of looking at selves/responding to world
make people approach life with new attitude |
|
|
psychotherapy: empathic trusting relationship
|
emotional bond between therapist and client is key in effective therapy
|
|
|
psychopharmacology
|
study of drug effects on mind and behavior
|
|
|
antianxiety drugs
|
xanax/ativan
depress central nervous system activity acts on receptor helps facilitate extinction of learned fears criticism: reduce symptoms without resolving problems |
|
|
antidepressant drugs
|
treat anxiety disorders too
increase availability of norepinephrine or serotonin |
|
|
antipsychotic drugs
|
dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli
helps schizophrenics |
|
|
tardive dyskinesia
|
involuntary movements of facial muscles due to long term use of antipsychotics
|
|
|
lithium
|
mood-stabilizer, simple salt and can help those suffering from bipolar
|
|
|
ECT
|
brain manipulation through shock treatment
effective for severe depression that doesnt respond to drugs |
|
|
rTMS
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
improves depressed moods when repeated pulses surge thorugh magnetic coil held near skull
reaches brain surface stimulate depressed patients left frontal lobe |
|
|
deep brain stimulation
|
focuses on cortex area that bridges thinking frontal lobes to limbic system
area is overactive of depressed and becomes calm |
|
|
psychosurgery
|
removes/destroys brain tissue
|
|
|
lobotomy
|
cutting nerves connecting frontal lobes with emotion controlling centers of inner brain
calms uncontrollably emotional and violent patients |
