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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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o Applied psychological specialties
o Experimental Psychologists o Teachers of Psychology |
Three ways to do psychology
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• 65% of all PH. D. psychologists: tackle real world problems
• School psychologists • Industrial/organizational • Human factors |
o Applied psychological specialties
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• Conduct basic research
• Cognitive psychologists • Physiological • Developmental • Social |
o Experimental Psychologists
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o _________ is an M.D., so they can prescribe drugs and administer drugs
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o Psychiatrist
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Automatization
Relationship between brain and psychological phenomena Conformity Eating Disorders Forgetting |
• Specializations of psychology
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_______ is reading words of colors in different color font
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Stroop Effect
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• Incorporating what is said while sleeping into a dream
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• Conscious mental experience
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• Rapid eye movement (REM) during 85% of dreams
• (EEG) patterns during REM similar to those when awake |
• Dreams as behavior
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• Freud – “censored masquerade” defending you from the clash between unconscious primitive urges (sex) and the civilizing constraints imposed by society
o Ex: riding a horse in a dream may symbolize sex |
• Dreams reflect the unconscious
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• Dreams reflect what we know, experienced, remembered, or thought about
o Upcoming exams o Dieting/dream of food o Someone you like |
• Dreams as cognition (thinking, remember)
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Develop a Theory
Develop Hypothesis Collect data Analyze the results Publishing, criticizing and replicating results |
scientific method
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put in the order of the scientific theory:
a.Accept of reject null hypothesis b. more sleep = do better on exam c.Number of hours of sleep and grade on exam d.Repeat experiment e.Sleep increases memory |
In order:
e. b. c. a. d. |
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Experimental Method
Correlational Method Descriptive Method |
Research methods of psychology
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i. Ex: 9 year old boys vs. 9-year-old girls who is more aggressive?
1. Kicking, physical behavior |
a. Naturalistic study, only observe, no interfering
(Descriptive Method) |
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i. Questionnaire or interview administered to a select group (random sample)
ii. Obtain descriptions of behavior from more people than direct observation usually allows 1. Take random sample of the population because you cannot ask everyone iii. Sample should represent the population |
Surveys
Descriptive Method |
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i. Intensive description and analysis of a single individual
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Case Study
Descriptive method |
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• Investigative relationship between two variables to determine if they occur together or not in a systematic way
• Values between +1 and -1 correlation coefficient |
Correlational Method
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• Establish cause and effect
o Manipulate independent variable to see the effect on the dependent • Hypothesis: watching TV lowers test grades • IV: completely independent of other variables o Watching TV or not • Group who watches TV is the experimental group • Group who watches no TV is the control group 1. Why the experiment was done 2. IV 3. DV 4. Results 5. Conclusion • Randomly assign people to experimental group and control group • DV: varies on what occurs during the experiment o What is measured (test grade) • Results: watch TV = 76.8 or no TV = 90.5 average score • Conclusion: Base results on the probability of being in one group or the other o Other factors which influence the results |
Experimental Method
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Probability of achieving results by chance is < .___
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.05 or 5%
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• Ethical, does not hurt participants, does not deprive participants
• Practical considerations: o Experiment lasts too long o Costs too much o Too many participants needed ARE:________ |
Problems in collecting data
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Physiological aspects of psychology
• 100 billion ______ in human nervous system o Individual cell = ______ o Multiple ______ serving a single function nerve |
Neuron(s)
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Neurons consist of ____ parts
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three
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Parts of a neuron:
1. One cell body or (______) – metabolism occurs here |
Soma
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Parts of a neuron:
(receive info) – many short fibers that come from the soma which receive activity from adjacent cells |
Dendrite
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Parts of a neuron:
_______ (sends out info) – single fiber that extends from the soma which transmits activity to other neurons, muscles or glands o May be 2-3 feet long o Glial cells form a myelin sheath around ____ – protective coat that helps speed neuron impulse • Sheath may harden and prevent transmission between neurons |
Axon
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• ______ – junction (space) between neurons
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Synapse
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• Neurons communicate via chemical messengers called ____________ that are stored in synaptic vesicles
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neurotransmitters
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• ___________ cross from one neuron to another at receptor cites to excite and inhibit
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Neurotransmitters
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__________ is the study of behavior and mental processes
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Psychology
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_________ is not just what people do but also their thoughts, emotions, perceptions, reasoning
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Psychology
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____ - Learn from forces in our environment
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Behavioral
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_____ - brain/mind/behavior relationships
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Biological
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_______ – mental illness (ADD) (Suicide)
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Clinical
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_____ – mental processes (memory)
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Cognitive
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______ – lesser forms of mental illness
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Counseling
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_______ – across lifespan (aging)
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Developmental
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________ – school environment (testing)
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Educational
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_________ – workplace (productivity)
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Industrial organization
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______ – interpersonal context (jury behavior) (____ interaction)
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Social
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Careers in Psychology:
___/___ - 4 year degree lab staff or another field |
BA/BS
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Careers in Psychology
__/__ - practice therapy (supervised) or teach Now considered to be a Psychologist |
MA/MS
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Careers in Psychology:
______ - Therapy, conduct research, teach college courses |
Ph.D. or Psy. D.
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Careers in Psychology
1. ____ = research oriented 2. ____ = Therapy oriented 3. ____ = prescribed drugs |
1. Ph.D.
2. Psy.D. 3. M.D. |
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1. Abstract
2. Introduction 3. Methods a. Participants b. Materials c. Procedures 4. Results – typically statistical 5. Discussion a. Limitations of the experiment b. Future directions c. Suggested applications for people who have commonalities with the experiment |
Article Format
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Last name, initials, & other last name, initials.
(Year). The name of the article: Use caps only at The start of the title or after the color. Journal in CAPS, Volume # (issue #), first page # - last page # Example: Chester, D.S., & Barleson, K.A.P. (2009). Xbox as therapy?... etc. |
References
Work Cited Format |
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______ - Interfaces with central nervous system and the environment
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• Peripheral nervous system
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a. Deals with voluntary actions
i. Messages to and from sense receptors, muscles and body surfaces |
1. Somatic System
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a. Deals with involuntary actions
i. Carries messages to internal organs from central nervous system b. Parasympathetic Division c. Sympathetic Division (“fight or Flight”) |
2. Autonomic System
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1. Conserve and protect bodily resources
a. Stimulates digestion, pupil constriction, lower heart rate |
i. Parasympathetic Division
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1. Prepares body in cases of emotional excitement
a. Digestion stops, dilate pupil, increase heart rate, sweating, increases respiration. 2. Use __________ to test for lying (polygraph) a. Polygraph measures sweat, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressures b. First question are easy, like name? Address? To find your base line |
ii. Sympathetic Division (“fight or Flight”)
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a. Complements and often works with autonomic nervous system
i. Long-term regulation of body functions, and helps with stress b. Secretes hormones (chemicals) directly into the bloodstream to act on the body c. Examples: i. Pancreas – regulates sugar in blood ii. Adrenal – adrenaline (energy) iii. Ovaries and testes – sex drive, development iv. Thyroid – metabolism (interpretation) |
3. Endocrine System
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i. ________ – regulates sugar in blood
ii. ______ – adrenaline (energy) iii. ___________ – sex drive, development iv. _____ – metabolism (interpretation) |
i. Pancreas
ii. Adrenal iii. Ovaries and testes iv. Thyroid |
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• Physical energy is detected by receptor cells in one of the sense organs and transformed into neural energy (transduction) and sensory experience
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Sensation
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• The selection, organization and interpretation of these sensations is called _____
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Perception
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____ - names, categories, (colors, names, genders)
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Nominal
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____ – order, ranked
For example if you ranked your level of pain from 1 to 10, 10 being the most amount of pain imaginable and 1 being no pain. |
Ordinal
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_____ – where zero is not nothing (temperature)
difference between 100 degrees and 90 degrees is the same as the difference between 80 degrees and 70 degrees. |
Interval
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_____ - where zero is nothing
Temperature of zero does not mean there is no temperature. But a weight of 4 grams is twice as much as a weight of 2 grams |
Ratio
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Zero correlation = ___________
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no association
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1. Causation
2. Random Assignments 3. Control/Placebo 4. Experimental Condition vs. Control |
Experimental Design
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__________ is a study over a long period of time
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Longitudinal study
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For sensation to occur, there must be a minimum amount of physical energy. (Pounds, degrees, etc.) This is called a ______
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threshold
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The study of how physical energy relates to psychological experience is called _______
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psychophysics
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________ - favor responding in a certain way due to "noise", expectations formed by experience, reward and punishment.
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Response Bias
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◦ ____ is extraneous sensory information
◦ ____ can be any type of sensory information’s (visual, etc.) ◦ Example: radar operator ◦ Job is to look at the radar screen until a light comes on the screen |
Noise
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• Responds to visible spectrum
• ROYGBV ◦ Light is electromagnetic energy |
EYE
red orange yellow green blue violet |
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• Parts of the eye
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Cornea
Pupil Lens |
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Where the light enters in the eye
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Cornea
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opening in muscular iris (colored muscle) regulating the amount of light
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Pupil
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focuses light on to retina
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Lens
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◦ Has a photoreceptor cell that absorbs light and are connected to nerve cells leading to the brain.
Rods and Cones |
Retina
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mostly in periphery of eye which allow us to see light and dark
120 million ______ Work best in low illuminations of light |
Rods
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8 million, mostly in center of eye, which allow us to see light and dark, and color.
▪ Work best in high levels of illuminations (light) |
Cones
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_______ - small region at center of retina, with no rods, and sharpest image
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Fovea
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_____ - where the fibers cross over in brain
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Optic Chiasm
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______ - where optic nerve leaves eye
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Blind Spot
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Sounds enters the ear through the external part of the ear, the _____.
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pinna
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After passing through the auditory canal it goes to the tympanic membrane or ________
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eardrum
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After sound hits the eardrum, it then vibrates the Malleus (____), incus(___), and stapes(____).
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Hammer
Anvil Stirrup |
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A snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the receptor cells for hearing.
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Cochlea
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Tiny hair cells that line the _____ membrane are the receptors for hearing.
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Basilar
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Hearing loss is caused by damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve fibers in the cochlea is called _____ _____
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Nerve Deafness
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Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system carrying the auditory information to the cochlea is called ____ _____
Ex: puncturing an eardrum Hearing aides help to alleviate this type of deafness |
conduction deafness
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Taste and smell are ______ senses
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chemical
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vestibular and kinesthetic are _____ senses
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Body
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______ - body orientation with respect to gravity, movement of body as a whole (equilibrium)
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Vestibular
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______ - (muscle, tendon, and joint senses) - position and movement of body parts.
Realization through doing, rather than thinking before initiating action. They may struggle to learn by reading or listening. |
Kinesthetic
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• Process through which people use knowledge and understanding of the world to interpret sensations as meaningful experiences (I.e., to understand what is the meaning eying the sensory information)
• Without _______, the world would be a booming, buzzing confusion |
perception
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______ is an active process
◦ To hear something we turn our head ◦ To determine the shape of something we manipulate it in our hand. ◦ If there are gaps in the sensory information available, the brain fills them in ◦ Necker cube, illusion of circles with no connecting lines that form a cube |
Perception
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______ - eyes see different views (binocular disparity)
• Brain figures out depth using the differences between two images Judge Distance |
Binocular Cues
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These are ______:
◦ Linear perspective (railroad tracks) 1. As tracks get more distant, they appear closer together |
Monocular cues
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• Kinesthetic sense is called ________
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kinesthesis
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• __________ deals with emotion in the same that memories involve emotion.
"sea horse" in greek animal |
Hippocampus
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Properties of ________:
Texture gradients • A closer object seems more rough or seems to have a detailed texture Only one eye used |
Monocular cues
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• ________ (superposition)
o One object interrupts another One object in front of another object so the viewer can't see object in the back fully |
Interposition
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o __________ – finding the edges to determine specific forms
• It helps that we have cells in our eye which detect edges |
Region segregation
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o Impacted by “___________”
• Objects stand out against a background |
figure-ground
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• Examples of objects that don’t stand out in the picture
o Dog drinking 1. Not enough cues to determine what is the figure and what is the ground 2. __________ – contour clear, but it is unclear what is the figure and background a. Example: i. Faces and the vase ii. Fishes, violin iii. Old lady, young lady |
Reversible figures
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• _________: tendency to organize pieces of information into meaningful wholes
Example: 6 lines, 3 sets of two lines grouped close together Example: 6 triangles and 3 circles, can be seen as 2 columns of triangles and 1 column of circles. or just circles and triangles |
Grestault-viewpoint
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1. ________ – nearest elements
2. ________ – similar elements |
1. Proximity
2. Similarity |
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Elements or objects moving in the same direction and same rate
ex: • Example: o Hashed lines that make a triangle o See a triangle instead of hashed lines |
Common fate
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______ – see incomplete figures as complete affects perception
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Closure
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_______ - When hungry, if you saw a picture of an image that could look like a banana or the moon, one would look at it as if it was a banana
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Motivation
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Paris
In The The Spring people read with only one "the" • Perceiving someone as Tall vs. Short • For example someone in class vs. someone on the basketball team • Perceive music as loud vs. soft • With parents vs. with friends These are examples of: |
Expectations
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The effect of the damage/disease is determined by _____ and _____.
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location, size
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_______ of damage – impacts certain function
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Location
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_____ of damage - Amount of brain that is damaged how bad that function is disrupted
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Size
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We do not use 10% of our brain. Use all of it. Brain is made up of _______.
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Specialists
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• ________ – independent cell masses (cancer)
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Brain Tumors
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• ___________ - (stroke), occur dues to a cerebral blood vessel rupturing and blood seeps into the brain (cerebral hemorrhage) or there is a disruption in the flow of blood to a portion of the brain (cerebral ischemia)
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Cerebrovascular disorders
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_____ _______ ______ - involve trauma to the head that do not penetrate the skull (for example being punched or falling)
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Closed Head Injury
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• _______ – mad cow disease, encephalitis, meningitis, when the brain is attacked by microorganisms
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Infections
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• _______ (ld) – learning disabilities,lead, mercury – sensory impairment (vision, hearing)
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Neurotoxins
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• ________ – Tay-sachs disease, autism, mental retardation. Can lead to brain damage typically due to an abnormal recessive gene
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Genetic factors
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Neurotransmitter abnormalities
Alzheimer’s Disease Multiple sclerosis Huntington’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease Epilepsy |
Neuropsychological Disorders
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1. ____ - infection, tumor, epileptic seizures, blank stare, unconsciousness
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Epilepsy
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2. ________ – loss of dopamine, stiffness, tremors, degenerative
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Parkinson’s Disease
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3. _______ – genetic, jerky limb movement, degenerative becomes worst over time
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Huntington’s Disease
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4. ________ – viral, genetic, immune system attacks, myelin, that covers Axon, replaced with scar tissue, muscle spasms, numbness, tremor, coordination.
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Multiple sclerosis
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a. Dementia, intellectual deterioration
b. <65 15% start in hippocampus c. >88 35% d. Tangles and plaques causation e. Early: depression, cognitive disorders f. Middle: irritability, anxiety, speech problems g. Advanced: basic body functions impaired |
5. Alzheimer’s Disease
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6. _________ – chemical messengers between neurons
a. Dopamine: sympathetic nervous system b. Depression, Schizophrenia, Anxiety c. Serotonin |
Neurotransmitter abnormalities
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_________
• Brain, spinal cord |
Central Nervous System
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_______: nerves from brain/spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system
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• ______: unconscious, involuntary control of bodily functions (heart rate), sympathetic, parasympathetic
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Autonomic
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• ______: voluntary control of bodily functions
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Somatic
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• Grasp a bottle
• Eat with a knife & fork • Read & write • Love & hate • Process that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential based on experience • ______ is easier when you have had experience with what you are trying to learn in the past |
Learning
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Simplest of all forms of learning is _______
• The decline in the tendency to respond to a stimulus that has become familiar due to repeated exposure. • Example o City person sleeping in country • If someone from the city starts going camping, initially it would be hard for him or her to fall asleep. But after a while it would become easier him or her to fall asleep. • An organism learns to recognize an event as familiar, but does not learn about the relationship between an event and other circumstances. o Does not learn to associate two things |
Habituation
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Some of the most basic learning is called ________
• Acquisition of fairly specific pattern of behavior (response) in presence of a well-defined stimulus |
conditioning
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_________ – Classical Conditioning
• Studied involuntary behaviors (reflexes) • Put food in dog’s stomach and measured digestive juice and salvation o Won a Nobel Prize for research on digestion • Discovered that salivary reflex could be set off by neutral stimuli—sight of person who brought food. • A neutral stimulus is something that normally does not cause salivation |
Ivan Pavlov
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• __________(UCS or US)
o A stimulus that evokes a response innately or automatically |
Unconditioned Stimulus
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• ___________
o An unlearned of innate response to a unconditioned stimulus o The __________ of the dog is salivation |
Unconditioned response
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• ___________
o A stimulus through association evokes a response normally associated with a unconditioned stimulus o Person who brings the food is the ________ |
Conditioned stimulus
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__________
o A response, that through association is evoked by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the Unconditioned Stimulus |
Conditioned Response
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UCS (hair dryer) → UCR (hair going back)
CS (click of turning on the hair dryer) → CR (hair going back) UCS (Altoid mint) → UCR (Salivating) CS (Computer bell turning on) → CR (Salivating) UCS (Loud Noise) → UCR (Crying) CS (Furry Objects) → CR (Crying) |
Examples of UCS, UCR, CS, CR
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Important aspects of classical _______
1. Presentation order and timing a. CS just before UCS works best 2. Generalization a. CR elicited by stimuli similar to original CS b. If the dog salivated to any size bell 3. Discrimination a. CR to specific CS i. Example: learn that not all loud sounds are harmful 4. Extinction a. Eliminate CS-UCS pairing will suppress (not totally eliminate) CR 5. Spontaneous Recovery a. Reappearance of the CR during extinction |
conditioning
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• Attitudes formed by ______
o Learned tendency to respond to a stimulus with a positive or negative evaluation along with some emotional feeling or belief |
conditioning
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