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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span is called?
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Developmental psychology
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What is the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and development into an embryo. (conception to 2 weeks)?
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Zygote
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The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month is called?(weeks 2-8)
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Embryo
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The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth is called?
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Fetus
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Harmful agents such as chemicals, viruses, and drugs which can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm are called?
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Teratogens
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Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s drinking alcohol. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. This is known as?
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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A baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple is know as?
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Rooting reflex
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The decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. This is known as?
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Habituation
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Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience is know as?
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Maturation
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Studies confirm that the average age of earliest conscious memory is?
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3.5 years.
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Who believed that a child’s mind develops through a series of stages, from infant reflexes to adult abstract reasoning?
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Piaget
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Piaget believed that the maturing brain builds concepts called _____ by which we interpret and
organize information. |
Schemas
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Mental molds which we pour our experiences into in order to make sense of them are called?
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Schemas
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Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas is know as?
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Assimilation
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Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information is known as?
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Accommodate
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What is Intelligence?
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The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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What is General intelligence?
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Underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
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What is factor analysis?
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A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score.
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Who devoleped factor analysis?
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Charles Spearman
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What is Savant syndrome?
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A condition in which a person is otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation.
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What are Robert Sternberg’s three areas of testable intelligence?
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Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence Practical Intelligence |
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What is Analytical Intelligence?
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: Intelligence that is assessed by intelligence tests.
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What is Creative Intelligence?
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Intelligence that makes us adapt to novel situations, generating novel ideas.
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What is Practical Intelligence?
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Intelligence that is required for everyday tasks (e.g. street smarts).
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What is Emotional intelligence?
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It is the ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions (Salovey and colleagues, 2005). The test of emotional intelligence measures overall emotional intelligence and its four components.
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What are intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill?
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Aptitude tests
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What are intended to reflect what you have already learned?
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Achievement tests
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Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population in a bell-shaped pattern called the what?
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Normal curve.
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On a IQ test 68% of people will score between?
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85-115
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On a IQ test 95% of people will score between?
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70-130
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The mean (average) IQ score is what?
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100
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Reliability of a test does not ensure validity. Validity of a test refers to?
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What the test is supposed to measure or predict.
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What refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait?
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Content Validity:
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What refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait?
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Predictive Validity
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What is a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype?
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A stereotype threat
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What are babies favorite thing to look at?
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faces
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Babies prefer whos voice by the time they are 1 day old?
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Moms
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Placed in a strange situation, 60% of children express ____attachment, i.e., they explore their environment happily in the presence of their mothers. When their mother leave, they show distress.
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secure
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30% of children show ____ attachment. These children cling to their mothers or caregivers and are less likely to explore the environment.
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insecure
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Who's studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother is removed.
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Harlow’s
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Parents impose rules and expect obedience. What parenting style is this?
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Authoritarian
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Parents submit to children’s demands. What parenting style is this?
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Permissive
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Parents are demanding but responsive to their children.
What parenting style is this? |
Authoritative
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During puberty the reproductive organs and external genitalia develop rapidly. This is called?
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primary sexual characteristics
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The nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes. This is called?
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Secondary Sexual Characteristics
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Harlow (1971) showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not because of?
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nourishmet
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In Erickson's different issues/crises in the infancy stage (Infancy to 1yr) what are the issues?
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Trust vs Mistrust
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In Erickson's different issues/crises in the Toddler stage (1-2yrs) what are the issues?
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Autonomy vs shame and doubt
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In Erickson's different issues/crises in the pre-schooler (3-5yrs) what are the issues?
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Initiative vs. Guilt Preschoolers learn to exercise will and do thigs for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
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In Erickson's different issues/crises in the Elementary School(6yrs to puberty-5yrs) what are the issues?
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Competence vs. Inferiority Children learn to initiate task and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.
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In Erickson's different issues/crises in adolescence(teen years into 20s) what are the issues?
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Identity vs. role confusion. Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
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In Erickson's different issues/crises in young adulthood (20s to 40s) what are the issues?
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Intimacy vs. isolation. Young adults struggle to form a close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated.
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In Erickson's different issues/crises in middle adulthood (40s-60s) what are the issues?
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Generativity vs. stagnation. In middle age, people discrover a sense of contributing to the world, usally through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
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In Erickson's different issues/crises in Late adulthood what are the issues?
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Integrity vs. despair. When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.
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Teens become more influenced by their peers instead of?
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parents
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Physical peak is in?
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early adulthood (strength, reaction time, etc.)
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The sequence of events in development are the same for everyone, but the ______ may differ by the individual.
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timing
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Sexual maturity happens when?
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during puberty
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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational childs difficulity taking another point of view is called?
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Egocentrism
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The biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines is called?
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Menopause (Around age 50)
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What happens to men in middle age?
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Men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility.
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An optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development is called?
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Critical period.
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The principle (which Piage believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects is called?
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Conservation
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Thinking, or _____, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating.
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cognition
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We form some concepts with definitions. For example, a triangle has three sides. Mostly, we form concepts with mental images or typical examples called?
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prototypes
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Methodical, logical rules or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem. This is known as?
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Algorithms
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What are very time consuming, exhaust all possibilities before arriving at a solution?
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Algorithms
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What are simple, thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. They are less time consuming, but more error-prone than algorithms.
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Heuristics
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What involves a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem. Humans and animals have this?
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Insight
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A tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias. This is called?
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Confirmation Bias:
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Use the screwdriver as a weight, and tie it to the end of one rope. Swing it toward the other rope to tie the knot. The inability to think of the screwdriver as a weight is
known as? |
functional fixedness.
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Intuitive heuristics, confirmation of beliefs, and the inclination to explain failures increase our what? This is a tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
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Overconfidence
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Decisions and judgments may be significantly affected depending upon how an issue is what? Example: What is the best way to market ground beef — as 25% fat or 75% lean?
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framed.
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The smallest distinct sound unit in a spoken language is called?
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Phonemes
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The smallest unit that carries a meaning. It may be a word or part of a word. For example: Milk = milk
Pumpkin = pump . kin Unforgettable = un · for · get · table |
Morpheme
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What is the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences? This rule tells us that adding –ed to the word laugh means that it happened in the past.
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Semantics
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What consists of the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. For example:
In English, this rule says that adjectives come before nouns; white house. In Spanish, it is reversed; casa blanca. |
Syntax
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Chomsky (1959, 1987) opposed Skinner’s ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most of it is inborn. This is called?
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Inborn Universal Grammar:
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Well before our first birthday, our brains are discerning word breaks by statistically analyzing which syllables in hap-py-ba-by go together. These statistical analyses are learned during what periods of child development?
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critical
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At what age do we begin Babbles with many speech sounds?
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4 months
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At what age does babbling resemble household language?
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10 months
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What age does the one-word stage begin?
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12 months
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At what age does the Two-word, telegraphic speech begin?
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24 months
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At what age does language devolp rapidly into complete sentences?
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24 months plus
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Common cognitive skills in humans and apes include the following:
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Concept formation.
Insight Problem Solving Culture Mind? |
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Chimpanzees show what behavior when solving problems?
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insightful
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A common problem is that thoughts that have some validity in some contexts become what and cause problems in other contexts?
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overgeneralized
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What theory proposed by B. F. Skinner suggests that language is learned through operant conditioning (reinforcement and imitation). This perspective sides with the nurture side of the nature-nurture debate.
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behaviorist theory
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SAT & ACT have high correlations between them, so we know that they are reliable measures of?
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predicting performance
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Girls or boys are better spellers?
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Girls
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Girls or boys are verbally more fluent and have large vocabularies?
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Girls
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Girls or boys are better at locating objects?
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Girls
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Girls or boy are more sensitive to tast, touch and color?
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Girls
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Girls or boys are better at math problem solving?
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Boys
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Girls or boys underperform at math computation
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Boys
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Women or men dectect emotions more easily?
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Women
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To best predict a newborn’s level of intelligence, you would look at the IQ levels of the?
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parents.
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What is a mathematical estimate that indicates how much of a trait’s variation in a population can be attributed to genes. Estimates of intelligence vary, depending on the methods used. Most researchers believe that ____ of intelligence is between 60 percent and 80 percent.
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Heritability
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Identical twins reared apart have IQ's that are less similar than identical twins reared in the same environment this is a example of?
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environmental influences
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