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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hindsight Bias
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
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Critical Thinking
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
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Theory
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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
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Hypothesis
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A testable predicyion, often implied by a theory.
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Operational Definition
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A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.
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Replication
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Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.
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Case Study
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An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing iniversal principles.
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Naturalistic Observation
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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
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Survey
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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
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Population
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Allthe cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.
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Random Sample
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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
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Correlation Coefficient
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A statistical index of the relationship between two things.
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Scatterplot
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A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.
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Experiment
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A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable)to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable.)
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Experimental Group
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In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
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Control Group
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In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
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Random Assignment
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Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
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Double-Blind Procedure
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An experimantal procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
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Placebo Effect
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Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
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Independent Variable
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
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Confounding Variable
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A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.
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Dependent Variable
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The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
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Mode
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The most frequently occuring score(s) in a distribution.
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Mean
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The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
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Median
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The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.
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Range
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The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
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Standard Deviation
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A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.
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Normal Curve
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A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean, or average (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewerand fewer near the extremes.
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Statistical Significance
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A statistical Statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
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Culture
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The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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Informed Consent
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An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
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Debriefing
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The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.
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