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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motive
3 Components |
Motive: Internal process that energizes and directs behavior
1) Needs-conditions that are essential for maintaining life and nuturance of growth and well being. 2) Cognitions-mental events (Beliefs, expectations, self-concept) 3) Emotions- subjective experience of a phenomena |
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4 Categories/Theories of Motivation
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1) Instincts
2) Drive 3) Arousal 4) Human Needs-humanistic, not biological |
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Ways of Expressing Motivation (9)
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1. Effort- If motivated, you'll put in more effort
2. Latency- how long it takes before you do it 3. Persistence- more motivation, you will persist longer 4. Choice- if motivated, you will choose to do it 5. Probability of Response- more likely to do something if you are motivated 6. Facial Expression 7. Bodily Gestures Others- 8. Physiology- body will reflect motivation (motivated to have sex, body will respond) 9. Self Report- is a limitation! People lie, they don't know why they do things-lie to themselves |
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Theories of Determinism
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James & McDougall
* took darwin's ideas and applied to humans -humans have physical and mental instincts * ALL human motivation originates from a set of biologically/genetically determined instincts/impulses |
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Define Instinct
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An innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.
* genetic, pre-determined natural instinct. |
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Motive
3 Components |
Motive: Internal process that energizes and directs behavior
1) Needs-conditions that are essential for maintaining life and nuturance of growth and well being. 2) Cognitions-mental events (Beliefs, expectations, self-concept) 3) Emotions- subjective experience of a phenomena |
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4 Categories/Theories of Motivation
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1) Instincts
2) Drive 3) Arousal 4) Human Needs-humanistic, not biological |
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Ways of Expressing Motivation (9)
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1. Effort- If motivated, you'll put in more effort
2. Latency- how long it takes before you do it 3. Persistence- more motivation, you will persist longer 4. Choice- if motivated, you will choose to do it 5. Probability of Response- more likely to do something if you are motivated 6. Facial Expression 7. Bodily Gestures Others- 8. Physiology- body will reflect motivation (motivated to have sex, body will respond) 9. Self Report- is a limitation! People lie, they don't know why they do things-lie to themselves |
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Theories of Determinism
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James & McDougall
* took darwin's ideas and applied to humans -humans have physical and mental instincts * ALL human motivation originates from a set of biologically/genetically determined instincts/impulses |
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Define Instinct
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An innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.
* genetic, pre-determined natural instinct. |
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Drive Reduction Theory
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* still biological but. . .
-The function of behavior is to serve bodily/Physiological needs. Homeostasis: tendancy to maintain a balanced state. -We are motivated to maintain homeostasis by reducing drive, meeting needs, stronger drive or stronger motivation. |
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Examples of Drives
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Hunger
Thirst Sex Pain Air Sleep |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Define Dissonance |
Dissonance: psychological discomfort that results from holding two contradictory thoughts, or behaving in a way that is contrary to beliefs.
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Motivation and Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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* we are motivated to REDUCE dissonance.
-change attitudes to fit BEHAVIORS (change views on premarital sex) -Change behaviors to fit ATTITUDES (stop having premarital sex) |
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Arousal Theory
(3 levels) |
=Individuals seek to either increase or decrease levels of arousal.
1) Underaroused- boredom, restlessness, undermines performance 2) Overaroused-tension, stress, undermines performance 3) Moderately Aroused- OPTIMAL! Alert, but not tense, pleasant |
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Drive Reduction Theory
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* still biological but. . .
-The function of behavior is to serve bodily/Physiological needs. Homeostasis: tendancy to maintain a balanced state. -We are motivated to maintain homeostasis by reducing drive, meeting needs, stronger drive or stronger motivation. |
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Examples of Drives
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Hunger
Thirst Sex Pain Air Sleep |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Define Dissonance |
Dissonance: psychological discomfort that results from holding two contradictory thoughts, or behaving in a way that is contrary to beliefs.
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Motivation and Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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* we are motivated to REDUCE dissonance.
-change attitudes to fit BEHAVIORS (change views on premarital sex) -Change behaviors to fit ATTITUDES (stop having premarital sex) |
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Arousal Theory
(3 levels) |
=Individuals seek to either increase or decrease levels of arousal.
1) Underaroused- boredom, restlessness, undermines performance 2) Overaroused-tension, stress, undermines performance 3) Moderately Aroused- OPTIMAL! Alert, but not tense, pleasant |
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Arousal:
Yerkes-Dodson Law |
Performance is Best under moderate arousal.
Bell curve with middle being optimal |
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Factors on Hunger/eating
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Environmental
Psychological Biological |
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Environmental Factors of Hunger and Eating
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Variety
Taste Preferences Availability Social Facilitation: eat more in presence of others Situational norms: pressure to eat/restrict. what is eaten, etc. |
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Psychological factors that
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Time/Conditioning
Dieting= trying to override psychological cues. Disrupts regulation cycle |
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Biological Aspects of Hunger and Eating
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1) Insulin: Converts excess glucose to fats and carbs
2) Fat produces Energy - hormones released by fat cells signal hunger & hypothalamus responds 3) Glucose:blood sugar; cells use sugar for energy -liver monitors glucose levels -liver signals hypothalamus 4) Gastic SIgnals: hypothalamus signals hungar based on amount in stomach, not intake. |
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Eating Disorders
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Anorexia Nervosa
-starvation -fear of weight gain -primary focus is food Bulemia Nervosa -binging/purging -Depression/anxiety -Can be within normal weight range |
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Components of Sexual Behavior (3)
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1) Biological (brain, hormones, neurotransmitters)
2) Cognitive/sensory 3) Social/Cultural |
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Biological Components of Sex
-Hormones |
* Influences by but NOT controlled by hornones.
1) Androgens (regulate sexual motivation) and Estrogens 2) Release of Adrenal glands controlled by hypothalamus |
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Biological Components of Sex (4)
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1) Temporal Lobes=directs arousal to appropriate object
2) Excitatory NTs= generate motivation for sex 3) Orgasm= Dopamine 4) Oxytocin= calm feeling afterwards |
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Sexual Response Cycle
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1) Excitement
2) Plateau 3) Orgasm 4) resolution |
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Cognitive Components of Sex
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1) Sexual Scripts-traditional (marriage=sex) romantic (sex=love)
2) Perception of the Mate 3) Sensory Experience-touch -males:visual -females: touch |
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Cultural Components of Sex
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Sexual Values
1. what is "normal" -attitudes, time/frequency, purpose 2. what is desireable? -sexually appealing features |
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How does motivation relate to emotion?
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Emotion creates & directs motivation
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Components of Emotion
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1) Biological reactions (arousal)
2) Subjective Experience (feelings) 3) Purposive (goal-directed motivation state) 4) Social-expressive phenomena (communication verbal and nonverbal) |
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Define Developmental Psychology
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Developments over a lifespan, changes, etc.
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When is the key time period for language development?
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Infancy and Childhood. Developing neural pathways.
-infants are highly responsive to pitch, intensity, sound and emotion in voice. -Babbling stage: 6mo-1yr; natural ability to produce sounds -One word stage: 1 yr; naming explosion at 18 months -Two-word stage |
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Schema Assimilation Accomodation Cognitive Development |
Schema: mental structures that organize information
Assimilation: Process of modifying info to make it fit into existing schema Accomodation: modifying existing schema to fit new info **Cognitive development is a constant interweaving of assimilation and accomodation |
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Four Stages of Piaget's Development
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1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational 3) Concrete operational 4) Formal operational |
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Sensorimotor
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-coordinating sensory and motor
-object permanence |
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Preopoerational
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-egocentrism= everything has same life force as me
-Centration= inability to take into account more than one factor at a time -Irreversability= don't understand actions can be undone -Animalistic thinking= innatimate objects have life |
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Concrete Operational Stage
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Conservation= understanding permanence of objects DESPITE superficial changes.
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Formal Operational Stage
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-abstract thought
-can consider hypothetical situations |
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Define Temperament
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Innate, hard-wired pattern of personality and behavior.
Experiences affect how temperament is expressed |
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Parenting Styles
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Authoritarian: obedience and discussion w/out exlplanation. Causes anxiety
Authoritative: Warmth and respect. Causes confidence Permissive: few rules, child makes decisions when not ready. Causes immaturity. Neglectful: don't care. Causes immaturity. |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
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1) Preconventional Level: based on consequences
2) Conventional Level: Decisions based on social factors 3) Postconventional Level: decisions based on abstract thought; fairness, values, rights. |
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Socialization
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Process by which society, family and peers (outside sources) teach us how to behave.
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