Psychology Exam

Our traits determine our personality; Costa and McCrae; measures traits objectively, shows their long-term stability, and predicts long-term, aggregated behaviours; ignores situational facotrs that may have an effect on behaviour and there is low correlation among different behaviours assumed to reflect the same trait.

Differences in our personalities stem largely from differences in our learning history, meaning they are acquired by classical and operant conditioning, personality is under the control of our environment; Skinner and Watson; stresses common learning principle and considers social variables; ignores biological factors and more descriptive.

emphasize thinking as a cause of behaviour, we experience conditioning by thinking about it. Based on reciprocal determinism and observational learning; Bandura and Mischel; same strengths and weaknesses as behaviouralist theories.

3 core beliefs: psychic determinism, symbolic meaning, and unconscious motivation. Unconscious psychic conflict, repression of anxiety provoking ideas; Freud, Jung; had the idea that behaviour is influenced by outside forces; not falsifiable.

Stresses the positive aspects of human nature and how to become a better person; Maslow, Rogers; useful for therapy; not falsifiable and descriptive.

P: people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving - relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behaviour. T: predispositions, like introversion, aggressiveness, and conscientiousness.

Understands personality by identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals.
understand personality by identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person.

numerous traits are influenced by genetic factors but not completely, shows evidence for nonshared environment having an effect.
Apart: tend to be similar in traits showing evidence that shared environment has little effect.
Adopted: show evidence for genetics.

Id: primitive, unconscious drives, pleasure principle, driving force for behaviour.
Ego: interacts with the real world, balances ego and superego, works from reality principle.
Superego: sense of morality, right and wrong.

unconscious manuevers intended to minimize anxiety.
Repression, Denial, Regression, Reaction-Formation, Projection, Displacement, Rationalization, Intellectualization, and Sublimation.

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.

O: son loves mother, E: daughter loves father.

Internal: individual has control. External: outside forces.

OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Pencil and paper tests, easy to administer and score, collect a lot of data from many people at one time. Ex: MMPI: 567 items, ten scales, allows to detect malingering, response sets. NEO Personality Inventory: measures the big five.
MBTI: widely used, loosely based on Carl Jung's theory.

Interpreting ambiguous stimuli. Ex; Rorschach inkblot test, TAT(Tell a Tale), Human figure drawings, anatomically detailed dolls, and graphology.

the tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate.

Statistical rarity, subjective stress, impairment, societal disapproval, and biological dysfunction.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 18 classes of disorders and a list of diagnostic criteria for each one. Problems: categorical model, comorbidity, may also medicalize normality.

approach calling for dignity, kindness, and respect.

exorcism and death.

attributed symptoms of mental disorders to evil spirits inhabiting the body.
mental disorder = physical disorder needing medical treatment.

that its nothing more than pigeon holing, that they are unreliable, that they are invalid, and stigmatize people.

1. distinguishes one diagnoses from another. 2. predicts performance on lab tests. 3. predicts individuals natural history. 4. predicts family history of disorders. 5. predicts response to treatment.

people with one diagnosis usually have another or more.

Being put into an institution against your wishes.

- results from low rate of positive reinforcement. - caused by negative beliefs and expectations.

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60% of the day worrying, anxious thoughts, irritability and on edge, trouble sleeping, and body tension and fatigue.

alarm response when no danger.

fear focused on object or situation.

intrusive thought, ritualized behaviour.

avoidance of thoughts/images of traumatic experience, response to stress is dysregulated.

sadness, empty feeling, physical slowing.

episode of mania - goal oriented, euphoria, followed by episode of depression.

sudden loss of memory for important personal info

Co-existense of two or more personalities in one person.

feeling detached from oneself

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech

attention deficit, hyperactivity, impulsivity.

violation of rules, disregard for others

deficits in social reciprocity and communication, repetitive and restrictive behaviours.

Free association, interpretation or explanation of the unconscious bases of the clients dreams, emotions, and behaviour, dream analysis, resistance, transference, and working through problems.

clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and mental health counselors.

intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence.

Systematic desensitization, flooding, participant modelling.

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT : ABC's, Beck's cognitive therapy, Meichenbaum's stress inoculation therapy.

Thoughts then emotions

- warm and caring, - establish a positive relationship with client, - tend not to contradict clients, - focus on important topics, - match treatment to needs of client.

psychoanalysis and humanistic/gestalt

Behaviour is motivated by both unconscious and interpersonal experiences. Understand and improve interpersonal skills. Interpretation of transference and modification of client's inappropriate schemata about interpersonal relationships.

People are good and have innate worth. To promote self-growth and actualization. Reduce incongruence throughreflection, empathy, unconditionalpositive regard, and techniques toenhance personal awareness andfeelings of self-worth.

Behaviour is largely controlled by environmental contingencies. To change maladaptive behaviour. Manipulate environmental variables,restructure thinking patterns, andcorrect faulty thinking or irrationalbeliefs

Same as behavioural except that our behaviour is controlled by our perception(thoughts about) environmental contingencies. To change thinking patterns too.

emphatic listening, instilling hope, strong emotional bond, clear theoretical rationale for treatment, and implementing new techniques that offer new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

spontaneous remission, placebo effect, self-serving bias, regression to the mean, retrospective rewriting of the past.

benzodiazepines, beta blockers. Monoamineoxidase inhibitors, SSRIs. mineral salts, anticonvulsants. conventional antipsychotics. amphetamine, atomoxetine.

nausea, drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, impaired sexual performance, some increase distress, suicidal thoughts.

ECT and psychosurgery.

Problem relationships entail everyone involved. To discover how interactions influence problems in individual functioning. Analysis of patterns of family/couples.