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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theories of Attachment
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1. biological: imprinting
2. substantive: Freudian 3. substantive: Behaviorist 4. comfort: Bowlby 5. comfort: Harlow |
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Biological: Imprinting
(attachment) |
Konrad Lorenz
ducks sensitive/critical periods |
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Substantive: Freudian
(attachment) |
fear of going unfed
Cupboard Theory |
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Substantive: Behaviorist
(attachment) |
drive reduction: food from mom is primary reinforcer
love is secondary reinforcer |
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Comfort: Bowlby
(attachment) |
attachment distinct from nourishment
fear of unfamiliar attachment is primary drive for security |
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Comfort: Harlow
(attachment) |
securty from contact comfort
monkeys & "moms" contact critical for normal development foster moms: social skills malleable |
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Parental Styles
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1. authoritative: available but not interfering
2. autocratic: overly protective 3. permissive: unavailable |
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Sex
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biological gender
physical differences of sexual reproductive organs |
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Gender
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psychosocial gender
sense of male/female identity social roles of men v. women |
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Gender Stereotypes
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aggression, math, verbal, navigation/visuospatial, personality
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Social Learning Theory
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learn social behavior by observing & imitating and from rewards & punishments
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Gender Schema Theory
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children learn from cultures a concept of what it means to be male/female; adjust behavior accordingly
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Stages of Gender Development
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1. gender identity (2 y.o.)
2. gender stability (4 y.o.): understand stay sex whole life 3. gender consistency (7 y.o.): still same gender no matter what behavior |
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Phonological Processing
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look at brain activity when listening to words; more activity in women than men
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Mental Rotation & Testosterone
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better at task with testosterone supplements
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Trait
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characteristic pattern of behavior; disposition to feel & act
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Personality Inventory
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questionnaire to guage wide range of feelings & behaviors
used to assess selected personality traits |
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Eysenck's Trait Theory
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1. introversion-extroversion: unsociable v. sociable
2. neuroticism-stability: anxiety v. stability 3. psychoticism-non: aggression v. empathy |
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Big 5 Theory (OCEAN)
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1. openness-nonopenness
2. conscientiousness-undirectedness 3. extroversion-introversion 4. agreeableness-antagonism 5. neuroticism-stability |
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Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory
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1. extroversion<-->introversion
2. intuition<-->sensation 3. thinking<-->feeling 4. judging<-->perceiving |
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MMPI
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personality test
identifies emotional disorders empirically derived |
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Type A Personality
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extremely competitive (increased heart attacks, smore more, drink more caffeine, sleep less)
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Type B Personality
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not competitive or in a rush
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Barnum Effect
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"A sucker is born every minute"
people willing to accept vague personality descriptions |
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Criteria for abnormal
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disabling, maladaptive, irrational, unpredictable, statistically rare, discomforting, unethical/immoral
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Objectivity in Classification
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Cartwright
African-American slaves sensory deficit to pain drapetomania: pathological desire to run away |
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Objectivity in Diagnosis
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Rosenhan
fake schizophrenic patients undetected by staff, but suspected by patients |
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Objectivity in Treatment
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Langer
watch video, half told normal, half told mental patient affected how they perceived person in video |
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Symptoms
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defining behavioral, cognitive or personal features
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Etiology
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factors which give rise to illness
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Treatments
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reduce symptoms, eliminate cuase, etc.
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Models of Etiology
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medical, biopsychosocial, psychoanalytical (Freud), behavioral/learning (+/- reinforcements), cognitive
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DSM-IV
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medical model
descriptive, not explanatory |
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Depression
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major depressive disorder
manic episode bipolar disorder serotonin/norepinephrine |
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Schizophrenia
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"split mind"
disorganized & delusional thinking disturbed perceptions |
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Positive Symptoms
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delusions, hallucinations, disordered thoughts & behaviors
dopamine overactivity: easier to treat |
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Negative Symptoms
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flat affect, lack of will & motivation, paucity of movements
structural defects: larger ventricles |
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Learned Helplessness
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dog example of not having control of environment
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Explanatory Style
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depressed person describes success/failures
-internal rather than external reasons -global rather than specific -stable rather than unstable (persistent trait) |
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Depression & Rumination
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focus attention on current feelings (rumination) or geographic location (distraction)
depressed: rumination increased depression, distraction decreased normal: no effect |
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Psychotrophic drugs
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control, or mediate, symptoms of mental disorder
target specific neurotransmitter systems |
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Synpatic communication issues
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either too much or too little neurotransmitters released between neurons
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Antagonist Mechanisms
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problem: too much
goal: decrease postsynaptic activity treatment: block production, release, or receptors |
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Dopamine antagonist
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for schizophrenics with overactive dopamine system
block receptors with Thorazine |
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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involuntary muscle movements
side effect of Thorazine |
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Agonist Mechanisms
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problem: too little
goal: increase postsynaptic activity treatment: increase production or release, decrease deactivation or reuptake |
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Increase production
(anti-depressant) |
increase Serotonin
ex. Fen-Phen |
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Block deactivation
(anti-depressant) |
ex. MAO inhibitors (Phenelzine)
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Block reuptake
(anit-depressant) |
ex. Tricyclics (Clomiprazine)
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Selectively block reuptake
(anti-depressant) |
ex. SSRI's-Prozac (only block reuptake of Serotonin)
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Behavioral Therapies
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apply learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors or responses
aversive conditioning, systematic desensitization |
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Aversive Conditioning
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pair noxious stimulus with unwanted behavior
nail-biting & nailpolish |
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Antabuse
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used for alcoholics
induces severe vomiting & nausea when alcohol is consumed |
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Systematic Desensitization
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like shaping, reduce anxiety incrementally through approximation
treating phobias virtual reality |
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Psychoanalysis
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attributes thoughts & actions to unconscious motives & conflicts
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Free Association
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say whatever comes to mind
explores unconscious |
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Id
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primal urges (sexual & aggressive drives)
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Superego
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knows good from evil
internalized ideals (angel) |
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Ego
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middle man
realistically brings pleasure rather than pain (not against society) |
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Psychosexual Stages
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childhood
id's energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
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Fixation
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lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies where conflicts were unresolved from childhood
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Regression
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retreating to infantile psychosexual stage when faced with anxiety
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Defense Mechanisms
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ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by distorting reality
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Repression
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banishes anxiety-causing thoughts, feelings & memories
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Projection
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"I don't want my sister's husband; he wants me"
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Reaction Formation
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do opposite of what feeling due to feelings of guilt
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Self-Actualization
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motivation to fulfill one's potential
Maslow studied productive & healthy people (Lincoln) |
