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460 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. The transitional process that ends childhood is called _______.
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The transitional process that ends childhood is called (PUBERTY).
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2. The first menstrual period is called ________ and usually occurs between the ages of 9 and 15.
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The first menstrual period is called (MENARCHE) and usually occurs between the ages of 9 and 15.
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3. An event usually taken to signify the beginning of reproductive potential in boys is __________. It can occur during sleep or through direct stimulation.
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An event usually taken to signify the beginning of reproductive potential in boys is (SPERMARCHE). It can occur during sleep or through direct stimulation.
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4. A confluence of hormonal activity known as the ___ ____ is crucial to triggering puberty.
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A confluence of hormonal activity known as the (HPA AXIS) is crucial to triggering puberty.
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5. The term gonads refers to the sex glands, that is, the ______ in the male and the _______ in the female.
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The term gonads refers to the sex glands, that is, the (TESTES) in the male and the (OVARIES) in the female.
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6. In the male, the first invisible signs of puberty are a dramatic increase in the hormone ____________ and a slight increase in the hormone _________.
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In the male, the first invisible signs of puberty are a dramatic increase in the hormone (TESTOSTERONE) and a slight increase in the hormone (ESTRADIOL).
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7. Girls are approximately _ years ahead of boys in height.
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Girls are approximately (2) years ahead of boys in height.
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8. Megan, age 12, has recently noticed a dip in her appetite and attributes it to “being in love.” Megan has likely experienced a shift in the hormone ______, which appears to predominantly affect appetite and female hormones.
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Megan, age 12, has recently noticed a dip in her appetite and attributes it to “being in love.” Megan has likely experienced a shift in the hormone (LEPTIN), which appears to predominantly affect appetite and female hormones.
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9. Those girls who develop _______ than their friends tend to have lower self-esteem than peers.
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Those girls who develop (EARLIER) than their friends tend to have lower self-esteem than peers.
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10. Poor nutrition and dieting and insecurity about the way one looks in adolescence can be attributed to one's ____ _____.
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Poor nutrition and dieting and insecurity about the way one looks in adolescence can be attributed to one's (BODY IMAGE).
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11. The condition characterized by self-starvation is known as ________ or ________ _______.
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The condition characterized by self-starvation is known as (ANOREXIA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA).
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12. The feature characteristic of _______ _______ involves overeating compulsively followed by purging via vomiting or through the use of laxatives.
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The feature characteristic of (BULIMIA NERVOSA) involves overeating compulsively followed by purging via vomiting or through the use of laxatives.
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13. In a 2008 survey, it was revealed that _ percent of high school students consumed diet drugs.
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In a 2008 survey, it was revealed that (6) percent of high school students consumed diet drugs.
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14. One family practice that appears to reduce the risk of adolescent eating disorders is ______ ________.
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One family practice that appears to reduce the risk of adolescent eating disorders is (EATING TOGETHER).
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15. Breast development and voice change during adolescence are examples of changes involving the _________ sex characteristics.
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Breast development and voice change during adolescence are examples of changes involving the (SECONDARY) sex characteristics.
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16. “STI” stands for ________ ___________ _________.
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“STI” stands for (SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION).
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17. Child sexual abuse is defined as any sexual activity that occurs between a juvenile and a person over the age of __.
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Child sexual abuse is defined as any sexual activity that occurs between a juvenile and a person over the age of (18).
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18. The ______ ______ reaches final maturation before the cortex, putting adolescents at increased risk for emotional problems and disorders.
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The (LIMBIC SYSTEM) reaches final maturation before the cortex, putting adolescents at increased risk for emotional problems and disorders.
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19. As a result of the development of the ______ ______ or ________ before development of the prefrontal cortex, adolescents are generally ruled more by emotion than logic.
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As a result of the development of the (LIMBIC SYSTEM or AMYGDALA) before development of the prefrontal cortex, adolescents are generally ruled more by emotion than logic.
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20. The creativity that is often so characteristic of adolescence may, in part, be attributed to the underdeveloped __________ ______ part of the brain.
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The creativity that is often so characteristic of adolescence may, in part, be attributed to the underdeveloped (PREFRONTAL CORTEX) part of the brain.
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21. To help explain the illogic of many young adolescents, developmentalist David Elkind advanced the concept of adolescent ___________.
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To help explain the illogic of many young adolescents, developmentalist David Elkind advanced the concept of adolescent (EGOCENTRISM).
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22. A survivor of a Nazi concentration camp writes that as a teenager in the camp he took large risks, never considering the consequences of being caught and ignoring the advice of others. His behavior can, in part, be explained by the _____________ fable of adolescence.
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A survivor of a Nazi concentration camp writes that as a teenager in the camp he took large risks, never considering the consequences of being caught and ignoring the advice of others. His behavior can, in part, be explained by the (INVINCIBILITY) fable of adolescence.
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23. Drake, an adolescent, drank six energy drinks in 3 minutes. Even though he started to experience heart palpitations, he knew he would not suffer any ill effects. His certainty resulted from his _____________ _____.
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Drake, an adolescent, drank six energy drinks in 3 minutes. Even though he started to experience heart palpitations, he knew he would not suffer any ill effects. His certainty resulted from his (INVINCIBILITY FABLE).
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24. Demonstrating their adolescent egocentrism, young adolescents consider themselves to be uniquely _______.
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Demonstrating their adolescent egocentrism, young adolescents consider themselves to be uniquely (SPECIAL).
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25. Lilly sang off-key at her high-school musical audition. She couldn't believe it when she was not given the leading role. Her _________ ________ (or ___________) prompted her to think her singing was better than it actually was.
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Lilly sang off-key at her high-school musical audition. She couldn't believe it when she was not given the leading role. Her (IMAGINARY AUDIENCE [or EGOCENTRISM]) prompted her to think her singing was better than it actually was.
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26. An adolescent girl suffers great discomfort at having to go to math class with wet hair after her swimming class, because she feels that all eyes are on her. This girl, like many adolescents, is responding to a(n) _________ ________, which she supposes will judge her appearance harshly.
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An adolescent girl suffers great discomfort at having to go to math class with wet hair after her swimming class, because she feels that all eyes are on her. This girl, like many adolescents, is responding to a(n) (IMAGINARY AUDIENCE), which she supposes will judge her appearance harshly.
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27. Piaget referred to the stage of cognitive development that involves the ability to think logically about abstract ideas as ______ ___________ _______.
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Piaget referred to the stage of cognitive development that involves the ability to think logically about abstract ideas as (FORMAL OPERATIONAL THOUGHT).
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28. When thinking about possibilities that may or may not reflect reality, an adolescent is using ____________ thought.
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When thinking about possibilities that may or may not reflect reality, an adolescent is using (HYPOTHETICAL) thought.
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29. In _________ reasoning, one begins with a general premise and draws logical, specific conclusions from it.
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In (DEDUCTIVE) reasoning, one begins with a general premise and draws logical, specific conclusions from it.
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30. _________ reasoning involves using specific experiences to form a general conclusion.
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(INDUCTIVE) reasoning involves using specific experiences to form a general conclusion.
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31. The statement, “If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck,” is an example of _________ _________.
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The statement, “If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck,” is an example of (INDUCTIVE REASONING).
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32. _________ thought arises not from a logical premise, but from memories and feelings.
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(INTUITIVE) thought arises not from a logical premise, but from memories and feelings.
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33. Two parallel modes of information processing advance during adolescence. One mode is analytic thought and the other mode is _________ _______.
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Two parallel modes of information processing advance during adolescence. One mode is analytic thought and the other mode is (INTUITIVE THOUGHT).
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34. Luis is in the 7th grade. Most likely, he is attending a(n) ______ school.
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Luis is in the 7th grade. Most likely, he is attending a(n) (MIDDLE) school.
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35. Middle school children who are aggressive tend to be _______ (or _______).
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Middle school children who are aggressive tend to be (POPULAR [or ADMIRED]).
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36. The divide most apparent between Internet users and nonusers is no longer gender or social class, but rather ___.
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The divide most apparent between Internet users and nonusers is no longer gender or social class, but rather (AGE).
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37. The Internet can pose several dangers. In particular, teens may visit certain Web sites that allow them to be engaged in potentially hazardous behavior. Two examples of this given in the textbook are _____________ and ____-__________.
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The Internet can pose several dangers. In particular, teens may visit certain Web sites that allow them to be engaged in potentially hazardous behavior. Two examples of this given in the textbook are (CYBERBULLYING) and (SELF-MUTILATION).
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38. An evaluation practice that is critical in determining student success or failure is known as ____-______ _______.
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An evaluation practice that is critical in determining student success or failure is known as (HIGH-STAKES TESTING).
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39. An unintended consequence of high-stakes testing is _________ dropout rates.
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An unintended consequence of high-stakes testing is (INCREASED) dropout rates.
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1. The number of students enrolled in a high school is unrelated to learning and participation in school activities.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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2. Young adolescent pregnancy slows down or stops both growth in height and an increase in bone density for the mother-to-be.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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3. In adolescence, growth proceeds in a cephalo-caudal pattern.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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4. The major events of growth and sexual maturation associated with puberty typically are completed a year or two after puberty begins.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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5. Child sexual abuse is more common between 12–15 years of age than at any other time.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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6. During puberty, girls' estradiol production increases up to eight times as much as it was during childhood.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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7. Dropout rates have declined in the United States because of high-stakes testing.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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8. Becky is typical of other 13-year-olds. She spends at least twice the time getting ready for school in the morning as she did in elementary school because of self-consciousness about her appearance.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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9. STI stands for syphilis-type infection.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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10. It appears that the timing of menarche is related to the accumulation of a certain amount of body fat, which is why tall, thin, athletic girls generally menstruate later than other girls do.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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11. Some boys experience some breast enlargement during puberty.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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12. Andre constantly thinks about himself and how others perceive him. He is most likely in his adolescent years.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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13. One reason for nutritional deficiencies during adolescence is preoccupation with body image.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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14. While intuitive thinking may be wrong because it is quick and emotional, rational thinking is right because it is analytical.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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15. Student motivation has greatly increased over the past several years due to the challenge of passing high-stakes tests.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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16. Most STIs are fatal if not treated properly.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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17. The cognitive gains needed for such tasks as balancing a scale with weights are usually acquired during adolescence.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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18. The invincibility fable reflects adolescent egocentrism.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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19. In boys, final pubic-hair pattern is established at age 14.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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20. In an experiment by Inhelder and Piaget that involved balancing a scale with weights, the age at which children were first able to use the trial-and-error method to achieve some understanding of balancing was approximately 10 years.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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21. Most American high-school seniors eat the daily recommended amount of fruits and vegetables.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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22. In high-stakes testing, students are typically offered several different tests covering the same material to address different learning styles.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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23. The belief in an imaginary audience makes adolescents very self-conscious.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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24. Late-maturing girls tend to have a worse body image than their early-maturing peers do.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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25. Analytic thinking and intuitive thinking nearly always come up with the same conclusion.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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26. Facial hair development is among the last visual signs of pubertal changes in males.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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27. It is usual and typical for children to begin seeing pubertal changes in their bodies between ages 8 and 14.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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28. The changes of puberty are initiated by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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29. Teen births are more frequent than they were 20 years ago in the United States.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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30. In adolescence, growth proceeds in a proximal-distal pattern.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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1. Erikson described ____ _________ as the stage where an adolescent has a lack of commitment to any goals or values.
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Erikson described (ROLE CONFUSION) as the stage where an adolescent has a lack of commitment to any goals or values.
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2. An individual's ________ is his or her unique and consistent self-definition.
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An individual's (IDENTITY) is his or her unique and consistent self-definition.
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3. According to Erikson, the ultimate psychosocial goal is identity ___________.
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According to Erikson, the ultimate psychosocial goal is identity (ACHIEVEMENT).
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4. A premature identity formation that involves wholesale acceptance of parental values is called ___________.
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A premature identity formation that involves wholesale acceptance of parental values is called (FORECLOSURE).
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5. Seventeen-year-old Andrew failed several classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voiced their disapproval, he replied, “Whatever.” Andrew's response reflects features of identity _________.
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Seventeen-year-old Andrew failed several classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voiced their disapproval, he replied, “Whatever.” Andrew's response reflects features of identity (DIFFUSION).
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6. The term used to describe the direction of a person's erotic desires is called ______ ___________.
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The term used to describe the direction of a person's erotic desires is called (SEXUAL ORIENTATION).
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7. ______ ________ includes the roles and behaviors that society associates with the cultural and social characteristics considered appropriate for males and females.
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(GENDER IDENTITY) includes the roles and behaviors that society associates with the cultural and social characteristics considered appropriate for males and females.
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8. The more hours of after-school employment adolescents work, the ____ learning they do in school.
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The more hours of after-school employment adolescents work, the (LESS) learning they do in school.
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9. Karen, who is 15 years old, is repeatedly arguing with her mother about the chores her mother has assigned to her. This type of repeated, ongoing arguing is also known as _________.
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Karen, who is 15 years old, is repeatedly arguing with her mother about the chores her mother has assigned to her. This type of repeated, ongoing arguing is also known as (BICKERING).
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10. Parental __________ refers to parents being watchful and aware of where their children are and what they are doing.
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Parental (MONITORING) refers to parents being watchful and aware of where their children are and what they are doing.
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11. A particularly harmful type of parental monitoring is _____________ _______ because the withdrawal of love and support is threatened.
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A particularly harmful type of parental monitoring is (PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTROL) because the withdrawal of love and support is threatened.
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12. In adolescence, ____ ________ can be negative, such as when it promotes conformance to deviant standards, or positive, such as when it promotes refraining from smoking.
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In adolescence, (PEER PRESSURE) can be negative, such as when it promotes conformance to deviant standards, or positive, such as when it promotes refraining from smoking.
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13. During the active process involving selection of friends, adolescents are also engaged in the process of ____________, whereby peers involve each other in right and wrong behavior.
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During the active process involving selection of friends, adolescents are also engaged in the process of (FACILITATION), whereby peers involve each other in right and wrong behavior.
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14. For an adolescent whose parents are recent immigrants, _____ or _______ can help him or her negotiate conflicting cultural demands.
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For an adolescent whose parents are recent immigrants, (PEERS or FRIENDS) can help him or her negotiate conflicting cultural demands.
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15. The most commonly used method to control adolescent sexuality is ___ _________.
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The most commonly used method to control adolescent sexuality is (SEX EDUCATION).
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16. Adolescents who have taken a virginity pledge in high school are more likely to ___ _______ and/or ____ ________ after high school.
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Adolescents who have taken a virginity pledge in high school are more likely to (GET MARRIED or HAVE CHILDREN) after high school.
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17. The abstinence-only sex education program had ______ __ __ effect on the sexual activity of teenagers.
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The abstinence-only sex education program had (LITTLE OR NO) effect on the sexual activity of teenagers.
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18. The term used to describe the occurrence of two or more disorders embodied by the same person is known as ___________.
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The term used to describe the occurrence of two or more disorders embodied by the same person is known as (COMORBIDITY).
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19. ________ __________ is defined as marked feelings of sadness and worthlessness leading to lack of interest in, and isolation from, normal activities for 2 weeks or more.
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(CLINICAL DEPRESSION) is defined as marked feelings of sadness and worthlessness leading to lack of interest in, and isolation from, normal activities for 2 weeks or more.
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20. The most lethal consequence of adolescent depression is _______.
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The most lethal consequence of adolescent depression is (SUICIDE).
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21. The process of __________ or mentally replaying past experiences, contributes to depression, especially in girls.
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The process of (RUMINATION) or mentally replaying past experiences, contributes to depression, especially in girls.
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22. Suicidal ________ refers to thinking about suicide.
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Suicidal (IDEATION) refers to thinking about suicide.
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23. Suicide ________ are more common in adolescence than in adulthood.
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Suicide (ATTEMPTS) are more common in adolescence than in adulthood.
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24. ___________ includes any self-destructive act that does not end in death, regardless of whether the individual's intent was clear.
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(PARASUICIDE) includes any self-destructive act that does not end in death, regardless of whether the individual's intent was clear.
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25. When an adolescent suicide is well publicized and seems to make a strong impression on other adolescents in the community, adults should pay special attention to the person's friends and schoolmates in order to prevent _______ suicides.
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When an adolescent suicide is well publicized and seems to make a strong impression on other adolescents in the community, adults should pay special attention to the person's friends and schoolmates in order to prevent (CLUSTER) suicides.
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26. The two other risk factors that increase a teen's risk of suicide, in addition to availability of guns and being part of a culture that condones suicide, are ____________ __ _______ ___ _____ _____ and ____ __ ________ ___________.
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The two other risk factors that increase a teen's risk of suicide, in addition to availability of guns and being part of a culture that condones suicide, are (AVAILABILITY OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS) and (LACK OF PARENTAL SUPERVISION).
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27. The term adolescence-_______ offender refers to individuals whose criminal activity stops by age 21.
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The term adolescence-(LIMITED) offender refers to individuals whose criminal activity stops by age 21.
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28. An innovative strategy for changing the context of adolescent violent behavior and working toward more positive outcomes is assigning such adolescents to ___________ ______ ____.
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An innovative strategy for changing the context of adolescent violent behavior and working toward more positive outcomes is assigning such adolescents to (THERAPEUTIC FOSTER CARE).
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29. The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned is ____________ __________.
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The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned is (GENERATIONAL FORGETTING).
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1. The science of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:
A) how and why people from diverse cultures are different. B) how children learn to speak and understand language. C) how and why people change across the life span. D) how humans and animals are similar and different. |
The science of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:
C) how and why people change across the life span. |
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2. Scientists seek to progress from:
A) fact to fiction. B) observation to truth. C) rumor to fact. D) opinion to truth. |
Scientists seek to progress from:
D) opinion to truth. |
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3. The first step in the scientific method involves:
A) posing a question. B) running an experiment. C) selecting a group of participants. D) asking people to participate. |
The first step in the scientific method involves:
A) posing a question |
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4. Within the scientific method, once a researcher poses a question, her next step is to:
A) draw conclusions. B) run an experiment. C) select a group of participants. D) develop a hypothesis. |
Within the scientific method, once a researcher poses a question, her next step is to:
D) develop a hypothesis |
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5. Once a researcher has developed a hypothesis, his next step in the scientific method is to:
A) draw conclusions. B) design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data). C) replicate the study. D) report the results. |
Once a researcher has developed a hypothesis, his next step in the scientific method is to:
B) design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data). |
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6. Once the researcher has tested his/her hypothesis, the fourth step in the scientific process is to:
A) replicate the study. B) report the results. C) draw conclusions. D) write a new hypothesis. |
Once the researcher has tested his/her hypothesis, the fourth step in the scientific process is to:
C) draw conclusions. |
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7. The final step in the scientific method is:
A) test the hypothesis. B) draw conclusions. C) write a new hypothesis. D) report the results. |
The final step in the scientific method is:
D) report the results. |
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8. What is replication of a study?
A) the repetition of a study, using different participants B) the repetition of a study, using the same participants C) designing a new study based on information from a previous study D) designing a new study using new ideas and information |
What is replication of a study?
A) The repetition of a study, using different participants. |
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9. Why is replication of a study necessary?
A) to answer any questions that were not addressed in the previous study B) to give more researchers more jobs C) it is needed before the scientific community accepts the study's conclusions D) to see if it is possible to do the same study two times |
Why is replication of a study necessary?
C) It is needed before the scientific community accepts the study’s conclusions. |
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10. A crucial element of the science of human development is the:
A) focus on all kinds of people, young and old. B) search for the meaning of life. C) focus on middle-class American people. D) use of subjective research methods. |
A crucial element of the science of human development is the:
A) Focus on all kinds of people, young and old. |
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11. Traits, capacities, and limitations that we each receive from our biological parents are said to be a result of:
A) proteins. B) nature. C) nurture. D) amino acids. |
Traits, capacities, and limitations that we each receive from our biological parents are said to be a result of:
B) Nature. |
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12. Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of nature and nurture in our development?
A) The relationship between the two moves only in one direction. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture affects the manifestation of those genetic influences. Nurture has no effect on our genes. B) The relationship between the two is clear. Genes (nature) determine our physical traits, while nurture affects the development of our psychological and behavioral traits. C) Nurture is the primary influence on our overall development. Genes only set the stage, and from the moment of birth nurture takes over. D) The relationship between the two is reciprocal. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture affects the manifestation of those genetic influences. Nurture, in turn, affects genes. |
Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of nature and nurture in our development?
D) The relationship between the two is reciprocal. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture affects the manifestation of those genetic influences. Nurture, in turn, affects genes. |
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13. What is a “critical period” of development?
A) when certain things must occur for normal development B) when a person is in critical condition C) the point after conception and before implantation of a fetus D) any time period after birth when the child is learning |
What is a “critical period” of development?
A) When certain things must occur for normal development. |
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14. What is the “sensitive period” of development?
A) when the child is most sensitive to instruction B) when it is most difficult for development to occur C) when a particular development occurs most easily D) when the child is developing emotional control |
What is the “sensitive period” of development?
C) when a particular development occurs most easily. |
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15. Which of the following best defines the difference-equals-deficit error?
A) The mistaken assumption that a deviation from a norm is inferior to behavior that is statistically normal. B) The scientific explanation that explains how behavioral deficits interfere with day-to-day functioning. C) The mistaken assumption that there is no such thing as “normal” behavior because each individual is unique. D) The mistaken assumption that all variations from normal behavior are a result of nature. |
Which of the following best defines the difference-equals-deficit error?
A) The mistaken assumption that a deviation from a norm is inferior to behavior that is statistically normal. |
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16. David and Nichole both have normal hearing, and their children all have normal hearing. David and Nichole have decided to teach their daughter Celeste, who is 3, American Sign Language. Based on the research of Cook et al., why might David and Nichole be doing this?
A) Celeste will probably interact with deaf children at school, so she will be able to interact with all of her peers. B) Children learn better when they use gestures as well as words when speaking. C) Children who learn sign language develop better fine-motor coordination. D) There is no reasonable explanation unless an extended family member is deaf. |
David and Nichole both have normal hearing, and their children all have normal hearing. David and Nichole have decided to teach their daughter Celeste, who is 3, American Sign Language. Based on the research of Cook et al., why might David and Nichole be doing this?
B) Children learn better when they use gestures as well as words when speaking. |
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17. What are the three domains of human development described in the text?
A) cognitive, biological, psychological B) biosocial, cognitive, psychosocial C) psychosocial, biological, cognitive D) psychological, biosocial, cognitive |
What are the three domains of human development described in the text?
B) biosocial, cognitive, psychosocial |
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18. Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of human development discussed in the text?
A) biosocial development B) cognitive development C) psychosocial development D) chronological development |
Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of human development discussed in the text?
D) chronological development |
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19. A manner of studying human development that takes into account all phases of life is referred to as the:
A) plastic nature of development. B) dynamic-systems theory. C) life-span perspective. D) multicontextual effect. |
A manner of studying human development that takes into account all phases of life is referred to as the:
C) life-span perspective |
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20. The notion that development involves gains and losses that do not always occur in a straight line exemplifies the following characteristic of the life-span perspective:
A) multidirectional B) multidisciplinary C) plasticity D) multicontextual |
The notion that development involves gains and losses that do not always occur in a straight line exemplifies the following characteristic of the life-span perspective:
A) multidirectional |
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21. Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors that develop over time and appear to persist, unchanging, from one age to the next?
A) continuity B) systems C) discontinuity D) critical period |
Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors that develop over time and appear to persist, unchanging, from one age to the next?
A) continuity |
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22. Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors that develop over time and appear quite different from those that came before?
A) continuity B) systems C) discontinuity D) critical period |
Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors that develop over time and appear quite different from those that came before?
C) discontinuity |
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23. Cohort refers to a group of people who:
A) hold the same political beliefs. B) are born within a few years of one another. C) support each other in times of stress. D) participate in a scientific experiment. |
Cohort refers to a group of people who:
B) are born within a few years of one another. |
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24. When people belong to different cohorts, they differ in:
A) membership in community groups. B) socioeconomic status. C) age group or generation. D) ethnic or racial groups. |
When people belong to different cohorts, they differ in:
C) age group or generation. |
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25. You and your high school classmates are part of the same:
A) social construction. B) context. C) socioeconomic status. D) cohort. |
You and your high school classmates are part of the same:
D) cohort. |
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26. The concept of a cohort is important because individuals in the same cohort experience the same ______ circumstances.
A) educational B) socioeconomic C) historical D) familial |
The concept of a cohort is important because individuals in the same cohort experience the same ______ circumstances.
C) historical |
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27. Dora, who is 75 years old, disagrees completely with her teenage granddaughter about the proper role of women. Their arguments are most likely to arise from differences in which context?
A) educational B) ethnic C) historical D) socioeconomic |
Dora, who is 75 years old, disagrees completely with her teenage granddaughter about the proper role of women. Their arguments are most likely to arise from differences in which context?
C) historical |
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28. Pam attended her 20th high school reunion and had a wonderful time dancing the old dances and singing the old songs. According to the multicontextual characteristic of development, her enjoyment may be attributed to:
A) a cohort effect. B) fond memories of high school. C) her success beyond high school. D) social context. |
Pam attended her 20th high school reunion and had a wonderful time dancing the old dances and singing the old songs. According to the multicontextual characteristic of development, her enjoyment may be attributed to:
A) a cohort effect. |
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29. At 55 years of age, Ross lost his job and had to be retrained in a new field that required taking a course over the Internet. Never having gone online, he was baffled while his younger classmates excelled. His frustration may be attributed to differences in the:
A) cultural context. B) ethnic context. C) social context. D) historical context. |
At 55 years of age, Ross lost his job and had to be retrained in a new field that required taking a course over the Internet. Never having gone online, he was baffled while his younger classmates excelled. His frustration may be attributed to differences in the:
D) historical context. |
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30. Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's:
A) culture. B) ethnicity. C) social class. D) race. |
Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's:
C) social class. |
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31. An individual's socioeconomic status includes:
A) ethnicity. B) level of education. C) political beliefs. D) religion. |
An individual's socioeconomic status includes:
B) level of education. |
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32. The values, assumptions, customs, clothing, technologies, and art that a group of people have developed over the years as a design for living are referred to as their:
A) culture. B) cohort. C) ethnicity. D) environment. |
The values, assumptions, customs, clothing, technologies, and art that a group of people have developed over the years as a design for living are referred to as their:
A) culture. |
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33. Identify an example of a cultural phenomenon:
A) A close loving bond can shield children against abuse. B) More children than adults live in lower-income households. C) American women tend to be shorter than American men. D) American babies usually sleep in a room separate from their parents. |
Identify an example of a cultural phenomenon:
D) American babies usually sleep in a room separate from their parents. |
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34. A researcher interested in making a multicultural comparison would be most likely to compare which of the following?
A) males and females B) eight-year-olds and eighteen-year-olds C) computer users and non-users D) Australians and Canadians |
A researcher interested in making a multicultural comparison would be most likely to compare which of the following?
D) Australians and Canadians |
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35. Han's parents immigrated to the United States from China. While they focused strongly on passing their cultural traditions down to their son, they were distressed to observe Han incorporating some American traditions into their Chinese heritage. It might be helpful for Han's parents to understand that Han:
A) is rejecting his Chinese heritage to fit in with his American friends. B) will experience his culture somewhat differently than his parents do because of having moved to the United States. C) is having difficulty finding his cultural identity because he is an adolescent. D) is going through a sensitive period of development, so they need to be patient until he passes through this phase. |
Han's parents immigrated to the United States from China. While they focused strongly on passing their cultural traditions down to their son, they were distressed to observe Han incorporating some American traditions into their Chinese heritage. It might be helpful for Han's parents to understand that Han:
B) will experience his culture somewhat differently than his parents do because of having moved to the United States. |
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36. Who was the leader in describing the interaction between culture and education?
A) Urie Brofenbrenner B) B. F. Skinner C) Lev Vygotsky D) Sigmund Freud |
Who was the leader in describing the interaction between culture and education?
C) Lev Vygotsky |
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37. What is the process by which mentors guide novices to master the skills and habits expected within a culture?
A) guided participation B) apprenticeship C) teaching D) lecturing |
What is the process by which mentors guide novices to master the skills and habits expected within a culture?
A) guided participation |
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38. If a group of people have the same ancestors, religion, and language, they are said to be part of the same:
A) nation. B) racial group. C) culture. D) ethnic group. |
If a group of people have the same ancestors, religion, and language, they are said to be part of the same:
D) ethnic group. |
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39. In many cultures around the world, people believe that it is the husband's responsibility to earn the majority of the income for the family. This is an example of:
A) an ethnic belief. B) a racial bias. C) a social construction. D) heritage. |
In many cultures around the world, people believe that it is the husband's responsibility to earn the majority of the income for the family. This is an example of:
C) a social construction. |
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40. What term refers to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual's or species' genetic inheritance?
A) genes B) epigenetic C) traits D) genotype |
What term refers to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual's or species' genetic inheritance?
B) epigenetic |
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41. The idea that the study of development involves several academic fields defines the ______ characteristic of development.
A) multidisciplinary B) multicontextual C) plasticity D) multidirectional |
The idea that the study of development involves several academic fields defines the ______ characteristic of development.
A) multidisciplinary |
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42. Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else by mimicking the action are called:
A) motor neurons. B) mirror neurons. C) sensory neurons. D) glial cells. |
Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else by mimicking the action are called:
B) mirror neurons. |
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43. When her grandfather stuck his tongue out at her, two-day-old Leila stuck her tongue out in return. How might scientists explain her behavior?
A) Leila's behavior was strictly coincidental. B) Mirror neurons were activated. C) She was exhibiting early signs of high intelligence. D) She was exhibiting the tongue-thrust reflex. |
When her grandfather stuck his tongue out at her, two-day-old Leila stuck her tongue out in return. How might scientists explain her behavior?
B) Mirror neurons were activated. |
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44. The notion of plasticity refers to the:
A) fact that many academic fields contribute data and insight to the science of development. B) universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings. C) vast array of contexts in which development occurs. D) ability of human traits to be molded during development. |
The notion of plasticity refers to the:
D) ability of human traits to be molded during development. |
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45. According to psychoanalytic theories, human development is mainly determined by:
A) the choices we make for ourselves. B) the environment in which we are raised. C) our unconscious motives and drives. D) the way we think about and understand the world. |
According to psychoanalytic theories, human development is mainly determined by:
C) our unconscious motives and drives. |
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46. Psychoanalytic theory views intrinsic drives and motives as the foundation for:
A) innate intelligence. B) genetic differences. C) classical conditioning. D) every aspect of thinking and behavior. |
Psychoanalytic theory views intrinsic drives and motives as the foundation for:
D) every aspect of thinking and behavior. |
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47. Freud believed that all people experience ______ related to various parts of their bodies.
A) aggressive tendencies B) sensual satisfactions C) needs for self-control D) hidden fears |
Freud believed that all people experience ______ related to various parts of their bodies.
B) sensual satisfactions |
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48. In order, Freud's first three stages of development are:
A) mouth, body, eyes. B) trust, autonomy, identity. C) oral, anal, phallic. D) anal, genital, latent. |
In order, Freud's first three stages of development are:
C) oral, anal, phallic. |
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49. Danielle sucks her thumb because she finds it very pleasurable. According to Freud, Danielle is most likely in:
A) the anal stage. B) the oral stage. C) latency. D) the phallic stage. |
Danielle sucks her thumb because she finds it very pleasurable. According to Freud, Danielle is most likely in:
B) the oral stage. |
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50. Joseph always dates women who are at least ten years older than he is. Which of the following might Freud propose as an explanation for Joseph's attraction to older women?
A) Joseph has developed an oral fixation. B) Joseph's parents probably did not apply appropriate potty training. C) As a child, Joseph had an unhealthy relationship with his siblings. D) Joseph is stuck in the phallic stage of development. |
Joseph always dates women who are at least ten years older than he is. Which of the following might Freud propose as an explanation for Joseph's attraction to older women?
D) Joseph is stuck in the phallic stage of development. |
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51. According to Freud, each stage of development involves:
A) potential conflicts. B) inappropriate sexual urges. C) a major developmental crisis. D) need for cultural adaptation. |
According to Freud, each stage of development involves:
A) potential conflicts. |
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52. According to Freud, sexual needs are relatively quiet during which stage of development?
A) toddlerhood B) latency C) adulthood D) infancy |
According to Freud, sexual needs are relatively quiet during which stage of development?
B) latency |
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53. According to Freud, who is most likely to be in the genital stage?
A) a 6-month-old girl B) a 1-year-old boy C) a 7-year-old girl D) a 16-year-old boy |
According to Freud, who is most likely to be in the genital stage?
D) a 16-year-old boy |
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54. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are best known for their contributions to ______ theory.
A) cognitive B) sociocultural C) psychoanalytic D) behavioral |
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are best known for their contributions to ______ theory.
C) psychoanalytic |
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55. According to Erikson, an infant must resolve the crisis of:
A) industry vs. inferiority. B) trust vs. mistrust. C) autonomy vs. shame and doubt. D) independence vs. dependence. |
According to Erikson, an infant must resolve the crisis of:
B) trust vs. mistrust |
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56. In the industry vs. inferiority stage, children try to:
A) become accepted by important others. B) figure out who they are. C) master new skills. D) become toilet trained. |
In the industry vs. inferiority stage, children try to:
C) master new skills. |
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57. Erikson believed that the main crisis during adolescence involved:
A) trying to find an intimate relationship. B) establishing a sense of self-control. C) learning to trust others in the world. D) trying to determine what roles to play. |
Erikson believed that the main crisis during adolescence involved:
D) trying to determine what roles to play. |
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58. The psychosocial stage in which people try to see their lives as a worthy and justifiable whole is:
A) identity vs. role confusion. B) the formal operational stage. C) integrity vs. despair. D) the genital stage. |
The psychosocial stage in which people try to see their lives as a worthy and justifiable whole is:
C) integrity vs. despair. |
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59. Unlike Freud, Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes:
A) the logic that underlies thought processes. B) the inherent rewards and punishments of living. C) active mental processes. D) the social and cultural environment. |
Unlike Freud, Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes:
D) the social and cultural environment. |
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60. The theory that arose in direct opposition to psychoanalytic theory is:
A) cognitive theory. B) behaviorism. C) sociocultural theory. D) ecological theory. |
The theory that arose in direct opposition to psychoanalytic theory is:
B) behaviorism. |
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61. Behaviorism focuses on which of the following?
A) observable behavior B) unconscious urges C) thoughts D) emotions |
Behaviorism focuses on which of the following?
A) observable behavior |
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62. Which of the following is a primary difference between behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory?
A) Psychoanalytic theory holds that the unconscious is unknowable and therefore irrelevant to describing behavior, while behaviorism believes that the only way to correct unwanted behavior is to understand the unconscious. B) Psychoanalytic theory places little emphasis on a child's relationship with her parents, while behaviorism believes that this relationship is key in explaining behavior. C) Psychoanalytic theory believes that observable behavior is a symptom of unconscious drives, while behaviorism believes that observable behaviors are all that matter. D) Behaviorism believes that scientific scrutiny is of little importance in supporting theories, while psychoanalysis has its roots in the scientific method. |
Which of the following is a primary difference between behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory?
C) Psychoanalytic theory believes that observable behavior is a symptom of unconscious drives, while behaviorism believes that observable behaviors are all that matter. |
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63. The scientist who first demonstrated classical conditioning was:
A) Ivan Pavlov. B) B. F. Skinner. C) John B. Watson. D) Lev Vygotsky. |
The scientist who first demonstrated classical conditioning was:
A) Ivan Pavlov. |
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64. In classical conditioning, an organism learns:
A) a reflex. B) that reinforcement follows responses. C) to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one. D) how to become self-sufficient. |
In classical conditioning, an organism learns:
C) to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one. |
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65. Which of the following would be a result of classical conditioning?
A) laughing at a funny movie B) crying with the pain of a stubbed toe C) feeling happy at the smell of baking cookies D) wearing layers in the winter |
Which of the following would be a result of classical conditioning?
C) feeling happy at the smell of baking cookies |
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66. The researcher most associated with operant conditioning is:
A) Ivan Pavlov. B) B. F. Skinner. C) John B. Watson. D) Lev Vygotsky. |
The researcher most associated with operant conditioning is:
B) B. F. Skinner |
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67. In operant conditioning, an organism learns that:
A) a neutral stimulus is associated with a meaningful stimulus. B) punishment always follows a reinforcer. C) classically conditioned responses are learned for life. D) a particular behavior usually produces a particular consequence. |
In operant conditioning, an organism learns that:
D) a particular behavior usually produces a particular consequence. |
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68. Operant conditioning is also known as:
A) classical conditioning. B) respondent conditioning. C) instrumental conditioning. D) reciprocal determinism. |
Operant conditioning is also known as:
C) instrumental conditioning. |
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69. In operant conditioning, reinforcers:
A) are easy to determine. B) diminish behaviors which they follow. C) strengthen behaviors which they follow. D) are sometimes pleasant and sometimes unpleasant. |
In operant conditioning, reinforcers:
C) strengthen behaviors which they follow. |
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70. In operational conditioning, reinforcements have what effect on an individual's behavior?
A) make the behavior more likely to reoccur B) make the behavior less likely to reoccur C) ensure that the behavior will remain constant D) cause an individual to think harder about his or her behavior |
In operational conditioning, reinforcements have what effect on an individual's behavior?
A) make the behavior more likely to reoccur |
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71. Social learning theory emphasizes:
A) cooperation with others. B) observation and imitation. C) reinforcers. D) understanding how one's behavior affects other people. |
Social learning theory emphasizes:
B) observation and imitation. |
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72. After watching a new Jackie Chan movie, Rob tries some of the karate moves he saw in the film. Social learning theorists would say that ______ has occurred.
A) operant conditioning B) classical conditioning C) reinforcement D) modeling |
After watching a new Jackie Chan movie, Rob tries some of the karate moves he saw in the film. Social learning theorists would say that ______ has occurred.
D) modeling |
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73. A father wants his son to help his mother wash the dishes every night. According to social learning theory, the father should:
A) give his son a “time out” if he doesn't help with the dishes. B) promise the boy a new basketball if he helps wash the dishes. C) help out with the dishes himself. D) tell his son that he can't have dessert unless he helps with the dishes. |
A father wants his son to help his mother wash the dishes every night. According to social learning theory, the father should:
C) help out with the dishes himself. |
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74. Cognitive theories emphasize the:
A) development of thought processes and their effect on behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. B) role of unconscious urges and impulses. C) control that external forces have over the direction of human development. D) crisis that each individual must resolve at each stage of life. |
Cognitive theories emphasize the:
A) development of thought processes and their effect on behavior, attitudes, and beliefs. |
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75. Cognitive theory focuses on:
A) actions. B) unconscious urges. C) thoughts. D) feelings. |
Cognitive theory focuses on:
C) thoughts. |
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76. A major pioneer in cognitive theory was:
A) Freud. B) Vygotsky. C) Pavlov. D) Piaget. |
A major pioneer in cognitive theory was:
D) Piaget. |
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77. Piaget was most interested in:
A) how children think. B) how parents discipline their children. C) what children know. D) how peers influence each other. |
Piaget was most interested in:
A) how children think. |
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78. Piaget's theory of development focused primarily on:
A) how our thinking changes as we grow older. B) biological and physical changes. C) our unconscious issues. D) the ways in which our environment influences our physical development. |
Piaget's theory of development focused primarily on:
A) how our thinking changes as we grow older. |
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79. Piaget's view of cognitive development includes the idea that:
A) children learn best when they are rewarded for learning. B) cognitive development follows age-related changes in understanding. C) young children learn everything they know from their parents. D) culture ultimately determines cognitive growth. |
Piaget's view of cognitive development includes the idea that:
B) cognitive development follows age-related changes in understanding. |
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80. When a person can understand new experience using his existing thought processes, he has achieved:
A) cognitive dissonance. B) discordance. C) cognitive equilibrium. D) concordance. |
When a person can understand new experience using his existing thought processes, he has achieved:
C) cognitive equilibrium. |
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81. According to Piaget, cognitive growth is promoted by a need for:
A) assimilation. B) models. C) reinforcement. D) equilibrium. |
According to Piaget, cognitive growth is promoted by a need for:
D) equilibrium. |
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82. During the sensorimotor stage, the main task is to:
A) learn to use language to express sensations. B) think of past and future events. C) use senses and motor skills to understand the world. D) think logically and critically to understand the world. |
During the sensorimotor stage, the main task is to:
C) use senses and motor skills to understand the world. |
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83. Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is called:
A) formal operational. B) preoperational. C) concrete operational. D) sensorimotor. |
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is called:
B) preoperational. |
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84. During which of Piaget's stages do children begin to express their internal experience in terms of symbols such as speaking?
A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) formal operational D) concrete operational |
During which of Piaget's stages do children begin to express their internal experience in terms of symbols such as speaking?
B) preoperational |
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85. The most advanced stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is the:
A) concrete operational. B) abstract operational. C) formal operational. D) symbolic operational. |
The most advanced stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is the:
C) formal operational. |
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86. According to Piaget, two types of adaptation are:
A) object permanence and decentering. B) concrete and formal operations. C) equilibrium and disequilibrium. D) assimilation and accommodation. |
According to Piaget, two types of adaptation are:
D) assimilation and accommodation. |
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87. According to Piaget, when a new experience or idea does not fit a person's existing understanding, the person experiences cognitive:
A) disbelief. B) disequilibrium. C) disarray. D) disorganization. |
According to Piaget, when a new experience or idea does not fit a person's existing understanding, the person experiences cognitive:
B) disequilibrium. |
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88. If you were to see a man from the nation of Fiji, but had never seen someone from there before, you would still recognize him as a human being. This cognitive process is called:
A) accommodation. B) assimilation. C) object permanence. D) disequilibrium. |
If you were to see a man from the nation of Fiji, but had never seen someone from there before, you would still recognize him as a human being. This cognitive process is called:
B) assimilation. |
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89. When we adjust our old ways of thinking in order to include new information, Piaget calls this process:
A) synchrony. B) assimilation. C) accommodation. D) equilibration. |
When we adjust our old ways of thinking in order to include new information, Piaget calls this process:
C) accommodation. |
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90. Imagine you and your friend are having a discussion about politics. Your friend makes an argument that puts your views into disequilibrium. If you respond by believing that your friend is simply uninformed or dumb, Piaget would say that you are demonstrating:
A) accommodation. B) disequilibrium. C) reinterpretation. D) assimilation. |
Imagine you and your friend are having a discussion about politics. Your friend makes an argument that puts your views into disequilibrium. If you respond by believing that your friend is simply uninformed or dumb, Piaget would say that you are demonstrating:
D) assimilation. |
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91. To understand levels of human development, Urie Bronfenbrenner advocated a(n):
A) microscopic-systems approach. B) ecological-systems approach. C) physiological-systems approach. D) chronological-systems approach. |
To understand levels of human development, Urie Bronfenbrenner advocated a(n):
B) ecological-systems approach. |
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92. An ecological-systems approach to the study of human development was recommended by:
A) Jean Piaget. B) Sigmund Freud. C) Urie Bronfenbrenner. D) Erik Erikson. |
An ecological-systems approach to the study of human development was recommended by:
C) Urie Bronfenbrenner. |
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93. According to the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of David's family on his development is part of his:
A) macrosystem. B) microsystem. C) exosystem. D) mesosystem. |
According to the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of David's family on his development is part of his:
B) microsystem. |
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94. A manner of studying human development that stresses the fluctuations and transitions that occur constantly throughout life is referred to as the:
A) plastic nature of development. B) dynamic-systems theory. C) life-span approach. D) multicontextual effect. |
A manner of studying human development that stresses the fluctuations and transitions that occur constantly throughout life is referred to as the:
B) dynamic-systems theory. |
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95. Watching and recording others' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner is referred to as:
A) scientific observation. B) a correlational design. C) cross-sectional research. D) a laboratory experiment. |
Watching and recording others' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner is referred to as:
A) scientific observation. |
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96. Becky wants to study stealing in school-age children. She asked to review surveillance videos from three stores that were focused on the candy aisle. Her method of study is:
A) a survey. B) scientific observation. C) an experiment. D) an exploration. |
Becky wants to study stealing in school-age children. She asked to review surveillance videos from three stores that were focused on the candy aisle. Her method of study is:
B) scientific observation. |
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97. If a researcher watches one-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using:
A) the case-study method. B) a controlled experiment. C) cross-sectional research. D) scientific observation. |
If a researcher watches one-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using:
D) scientific observation. |
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98. If a scientist wanted to use scientific observation to see how frequently schoolchildren share food at lunch, she could:
A) give half of them candy and see how many would share. B) mingle with the children and ask them about sharing. C) bring a small group into her laboratory and observe them eating. D) watch the children from an unobtrusive spot in the school lunchroom. |
If a scientist wanted to use scientific observation to see how frequently schoolchildren share food at lunch, she could:
D) watch the children from an unobtrusive spot in the school lunchroom. |
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99. Scientific observation permits:
A) the study of individuals behaving as they normally do. B) determination of cause-and-effect relationships. C) precise control of the environment. D) systematic manipulation of variables. |
Scientific observation permits:
A) the study of individuals behaving as they normally do. |
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100. Identify an example of scientific observation.
A) asking employers about their employee's assertive behavior B) asking teachers to rate children's activity levels in the classroom C) watching mother–child interactions at home D) bringing people to a laboratory to measure memory ability |
Identify an example of scientific observation.
C) watching mother-child interactions at home |
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101. Which of the following is the major drawback to observational research?
A) It must be done in a laboratory setting. B) It cannot be generalized to other populations. C) It does not allow us to identify cause-and-effect relationships. D) It violates the ethical standards of research. |
Which of the following is the major drawback to observational research?
C) It does not allow us to identify cause-and-effect relationships. |
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102. Experiments allow researchers to:
A) study the natural environment. B) study the entire complexity and uniqueness of an individual. C) inexpensively adhere to the scientific method. D) determine a cause-and-effect relationship. |
Experiments allow researchers to:
D) determine a cause-and-effect relationship. |
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103. When a researcher is interested in the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is:
A) the case study. B) scientific observation. C) the experiment. D) the survey. |
When a researcher is interested in the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is:
C) the experiment. |
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104. Which of the following is the best definition of “dependent variable”?
A) It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an experimental variable. B) It is any unmeasured variable that is not controlled within the context of the experiment. C) It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. D) It is one of the external variables that cannot be controlled by the researcher. |
Which of the following is the best definition of “dependent variable”?
A) It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an experimental variable. |
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105. Which of the following is the best definition of “independent variable”?
A) It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an experimental variable. B) It is any unmeasured variable not controlled within the experiment. C) It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. D) It is one of the external variables that cannot be controlled by the researcher. |
Which of the following is the best definition of “independent variable”?
C) It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. |
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106. An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be:
A) gender. B) blood type. C) eye color. D) level of depression. |
An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be:
D) level of depression. |
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107. A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared. This study was:
A) a naturalistic observation. B) an experiment. C) a case study. D) longitudinal research. |
A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared. This study was:
B) an experiment. |
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108. A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers, and then he observed their aggression levels. In this study, the independent variable was the:
A) viewing of the violent film. B) level of aggression displayed before the film. C) level of aggression displayed following the film. D) children's home environment. |
A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers, and then he observed their aggression levels. In this study, the independent variable was the:
A) viewing of the violent film. |
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109. A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared. In this study, the comparison group was the children:
A) who watched the violent film. B) who watched the nonviolent film. C) whose behavior was the inspiration for the study. D) who watch at least four hours of television per day. |
A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors. To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers. Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared. In this study, the comparison group was the children:
B) who watched the nonviolent film. |
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110. In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the ______ group.
A) independent B) dependent C) experimental D) comparison |
In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the ______ group.
C) experimental |
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111. In an experiment, the group of participants who do not receive the independent variable is called the:
A) dependent group. B) significant group. C) control group. D) experimental group. |
In an experiment, the group of participants who do not receive the independent variable is called the:
C) control group. |
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112. A reason why surveys might not be the most valid of research methods is because:
A) many people give inaccurate responses to impress the interviewers. B) many people answer honestly but the interviewers do not believe them. C) even a representative sample of people will be biased. D) when asked the same questions again, responses differ. |
A reason why surveys might not be the most valid of research methods is because:
A) many people give inaccurate responses to impress the interviewers. |
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113. Which of the following is an example of a survey method?
A) personal interviews B) IQ test scores C) height/weight statistics D) school grades |
Which of the following is an example of a survey method?
A) personal interviews |
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114. To study people's thoughts about aging, a researcher would most likely use:
A) a laboratory experiment. B) a survey. C) naturalistic observation. D) the case-study method. |
To study people's thoughts about aging, a researcher would most likely use:
B) a survey. |
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115. Which of the following is the most complex and beneficial way to study change over time?
A) a cross-sequential design B) a cross-sectional design C) a meta-sequential design D) a longitudinal design |
Which of the following is the most complex and beneficial way to study change over time?
A) a cross-sequential design |
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116. In cross-sectional research on development, each of the groups studied is of a different:
A) sex. B) social class. C) age. D) political affiliation. |
In cross-sectional research on development, each of the groups studied is of a different:
C) age. |
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117. A researcher was interested in finding out whether children's ability to exhibit self-control when offered unhealthy food changed with age. He asked parents of three-year-old, six-year-old, and nine-year-old children to bring their children into the laboratory, where they were allowed to eat as much candy, cookies, and cake as they wanted. The researcher then compared the amount of food eaten by children of the three different ages. This is an example of:
A) a naturalistic observation. B) cross-sectional research. C) longitudinal research. D) cross-sequential research. |
A researcher was interested in finding out whether children's ability to exhibit self-control when offered unhealthy food changed with age. He asked parents of three-year-old, six-year-old, and nine-year-old children to bring their children into the laboratory, where they were allowed to eat as much candy, cookies, and cake as they wanted. The researcher then compared the amount of food eaten by children of the three different ages. This is an example of:
B) cross-sectional research. |
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118. Which of the following is a common difficulty in cross-sectional research?
A) There are too many variables to keep track of. B) Longitudinal changes are not easily measured. C) Cohort differences—that is, differences in background variables. D) Cultural differences. |
Which of the following is a common difficulty in cross-sectional research?
C) Cohort difference-that is, differences in background variables. |
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119. The quickest and least expensive way to study development is with:
A) cross-sectional research. B) the case study. C) cross-sequential studies. D) longitudinal research. |
The quickest and least expensive way to study development is with:
A) cross-sectional research. |
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120. To study how members of a particular group change or remain the same as they grow older, the best method is:
A) cross-sectional research. B) a survey at the end of the time period. C) longitudinal research. D) establishing an experimental group and a control group. |
To study how members of a particular group change or remain the same as they grow older, the best method is:
C) longitudinal research. |
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121. If a researcher wanted to study the development of handwriting ability in children, she could measure the handwriting of a group of second-graders and continue to take handwriting samples from these same children each year until sixth grade. This is an example of:
A) longitudinal research. B) cross-sectional research. C) cross-sequential research. D) a replication study. |
If a researcher wanted to study the development of handwriting ability in children, she could measure the handwriting of a group of second-graders and continue to take handwriting samples from these same children each year until sixth grade. This is an example of:
A) longitudinal research. |
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122. A researcher who tests the same individuals over thirty years, when they are 10, 20, 30, and 40 years old, is conducting:
A) cohort research. B) longitudinal research. C) continuous research. D) cross-sectional research. |
A researcher who tests the same individuals over thirty years, when they are 10, 20, 30, and 40 years old, is conducting:
B) longitudinal research. |
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123. Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to:
A) disentangle differences due to chronological age from differences related to historical period. B) disentangle differences in groups of individuals who are of different ages. C) reduce sample bias. D) conduct research over only a small time period. |
Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to:
A) disentangle differences due to chronological age from differences related to historical period. |
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124. A cross-sequential design:
A) examines a single group of people who are the same age at one point in time. B) examines two or more groups of people who are of different ages at one point in time. C) follows a single group of people over an extended period of time. D) follows two or more groups of people who are of different ages over a period of time. |
A cross-sequential design:
D) follows two or more groups of people who are of different ages over a period of time. |
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125. The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between his food intake and his hunger is:
A) positive. B) negative. C) zero. D) causal. |
The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between his food intake and his hunger is:
B) negative. |
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126. After he got his first job and a regular paycheck, Juan found himself buying more and more DVDs, especially as he got pay raises. The correlation between the size of his paycheck and the DVDs is:
A) positive. B) negative. C) zero D) causal. |
After he got his first job and a regular paycheck, Juan found himself buying more and more DVDs, especially as he got pay raises. The correlation between the size of his paycheck and the DVDs is:
A) positive. |
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127. A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable will result in a change in the other. What type of research is this person conducting?
A) experimental B) correlational C) observational D) descriptive |
A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable will result in a change in the other. What type of research is this person conducting?
B) correlational |
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128. If you find a correlation between school grades and school attendance, you can conclude that:
A) high attendance and high grades tend to occur together. B) high attendance causes high grades. C) smart children often miss school. D) smart children enjoy school. |
If you find a correlation between school grades and school attendance, you can conclude that:
A) high attendance and high grades tend to occur together. |
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129. Which of the following would be an example of qualitative data collection?
A) Interviewing all of the siblings of a pair of conjoined twins and asking them about their personal interactions. B) Documenting how many hours of television an eight-year-old child watches per week. C) Observing and documenting the number of aggressive behaviors demonstrated by three-year-olds in a day care setting. D) Measuring the heights and weights of a group of preschoolers. |
Which of the following would be an example of qualitative data collection?
A) Interviewing all of the siblings of a pair of conjoined twins and asking them about their personal interactions. |
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130. Research data that may be categorized, ranked, or numbered is:
A) anecdotal. B) qualitative. C) quantitative. D) hypothetical. |
Research data that may be categorized, ranked, or numbered is:
C) quantitative. |
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131. Research data that is open-ended and not easily transferable to numbers is:
A) quantitative. B) qualitative. C) correlational. D) hypothetical. |
Research data that is open-ended and not easily transferable to numbers is:
B) qualitative. |
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132. Quantitative information always involves:
A) data on subjects. B) obtaining much information from research participants. C) numerical data. D) studying people over a period of time. |
Quantitative information always involves:
C) numerical data. |
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133. The set of moral principles used by each academic discipline and professional society to protect the integrity of research is referred to as their:
A) policies and procedures. B) participant rules. C) code of ethics. D) conditions of liability. |
The set of moral principles used by each academic discipline and professional society to protect the integrity of research is referred to as their:
C) code of ethics. |
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134. Zeke is reviewing a research study design for a co-worker. In it, he discovers a procedure that is questionable in terms of participant safety. For guidance, he turns to his academic discipline's:
A) policies and procedures. B) code of ethics. C) participant rules. D) conditions of liability. |
Zeke is reviewing a research study design for a co-worker. In it, he discovers a procedure that is questionable in terms of participant safety. For guidance, he turns to his academic discipline's:
B) code of ethics. |
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135. When doing research with children, which of the following must be obtained?
A) the children's birth records B) the names of the children's biological parents if the children are adopted C) the parents' informed consent D) the names of the children's peers |
When doing research with children, which of the following must be obtained?
C) the parents’ informed consent |
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136. The initials IRB stand for:
A) Institutional Research Board. B) International Research Board. C) Internal Review Board. D) Intelligence Research Board. |
The initials IRB stand for:
A) Institutional Research Board. |
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137. Researchers obtain informed consent of individuals participating in their studies to ensure the participants understand that:
A) participation is voluntarily, confidential, and harmless for all. B) they will be paid for their participation. C) researchers are not liable for unanticipated outcomes. D) their names will be published in the final research report. |
Researchers obtain informed consent of individuals participating in their studies to ensure the participants understand that:
A) participation is voluntarily, confidential, and harmless for all. |
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138. In seeking participants for research studies, researchers must explain the purposes and procedures of the study in advance, obtain written permission, and allow participants to stop at any time. This process is known as:
A) holding harmless. B) informed consent. C) release of liability. D) rite of research. |
In seeking participants for research studies, researchers must explain the purposes and procedures of the study in advance, obtain written permission, and allow participants to stop at any time. This process is known as:
B) informed consent. |
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139. An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be considered unethical is:
A) halting the study if harm is suspected. B) changing the data to support the hypothesis. C) obtaining informed consent. D) maintaining confidentiality. |
An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be considered unethical is:
B) changing the data to support the hypothesis. |
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140. In order to prevent a researcher's bias from interfering with ethical data collection and reporting, which of the following is an important part of the research process?
A) keeping the research separate from the participants at all times B) keeping the names of the research participants anonymous C) providing details of the study which will allow for replication D) using the same research team for replicating future studies |
In order to prevent a researcher's bias from interfering with ethical data collection and reporting, which of the following is an important part of the research process?
C) providing details of the study which will allow for replication |
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141. Researchers have an ethical obligation to choose topics of study that:
A) may be researched quickly. B) may be researched inexpensively. C) are of major importance to society. D) are politically correct. |
Researchers have an ethical obligation to choose topics of study that:
C) are of major importance to society. |
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1. The period of development characterized by such things as postponement of marriage and attainment of education is called ________ ______ or ________ _________.
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The period of development characterized by such things as postponement of marriage and attainment of education is called (EMERGING ADULTS or EMERGING ADULTHOOD).
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2. The optimal years in a person's life for reproduction, hard physical work, and athletic achievement are between the ages of __ __ __.
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The optimal years in a person's life for reproduction, hard physical work, and athletic achievement are between the ages of (18 to 25).
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3. The number of births per woman that would be required to maintain a nation's population with no increases or decreases is known as the ___________ ____.
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The number of births per woman that would be required to maintain a nation's population with no increases or decreases is known as the (REPLACEMENT RATE).
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4. Occupations or activities that require some risk or danger are described as ________.
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Occupations or activities that require some risk or danger are described as (EDGEWORK).
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5. Edgework may be observed in competitive _______ sports.
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Edgework may be observed in competitive (EXTREME) sports.
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6. The ingestion of a drug in a quantity or manner that is harmful to physical, cognitive, or psychosocial well being is known as ____ _____.
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The ingestion of a drug in a quantity or manner that is harmful to physical, cognitive, or psychosocial well being is known as (DRUG ABUSE).
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7. The condition in which the absence of a particular drug causes a craving to satisfy a physiological or a psychological need is known as ____ _________.
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The condition in which the absence of a particular drug causes a craving to satisfy a physiological or a psychological need is known as (DRUG ADDICTION).
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8. What are the four self-descriptions as categorized by Labouvie-Vief? ____-__________, ____________, _______, and __________.
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What are the four self-descriptions as categorized by Labouvie-Vief? (SELF-PROTECTIVE, DYSREGULATED, COMPLEX and INTEGRATED).
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9. The fear that someone else will judge one's appearance or behavior negatively and thereby confirm that person's prejudiced attitudes is known as __________ ______.
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The fear that someone else will judge one's appearance or behavior negatively and thereby confirm that person's prejudiced attitudes is known as (STEREOTYPE THREAT).
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10. Over the past several decades, a larger proportion of college students are choosing ______-based programs rather than liberal arts programs.
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Over the past several decades, a larger proportion of college students are choosing (CAREER)-based programs rather than liberal arts programs.
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11. Which mood disorder is characterized by a “loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities” for two weeks or more? _____ __________.
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Which mood disorder is characterized by a “loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities” for two weeks or more? (MAJOR DEPRESSION).
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12. The origins of major depression are ___________.
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The origins of major depression are (BIOCHEMICAL).
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13. The new anxiety disorder that has appeared in Japan in which the sufferer stays in their room almost all the time for six months or more is __________.
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The new anxiety disorder that has appeared in Japan in which the sufferer stays in their room almost all the time for six months or more is (HIKIKOMORI).
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14. What are the three distinct aspects of love as described by Robert Sternberg? _______, ________, and __________.
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What are the three distinct aspects of love as described by Robert Sternberg? (PASSION, INTIMACY, and (COMMITMENT).
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15. Sophia is a 60-year-old retired woman whose daughter recently had her first child. Sophia will be taking care of her grandchild during the weekdays so that her daughter can work outside the home. The intertwining of the experiences and needs of these family members, all at a different stage of life, is referred to as ______ _____.
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Sophia is a 60-year-old retired woman whose daughter recently had her first child. Sophia will be taking care of her grandchild during the weekdays so that her daughter can work outside the home. The intertwining of the experiences and needs of these family members, all at a different stage of life, is referred to as (LINKED LIVES).
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1. The period of development characterized by such things as postponement of marriage and attainment of education is now referred to as late adolescence.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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2. Traditionally, the years between 18 and 25 were a time for reproduction and hard physical work.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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3. The Chinese economy has grown rapidly as a result of restrictive family-planning policies put in place by the Chinese government.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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4. In the past decade, fertility rates have dropped lower than the replacement rate in one-third of the world's nations.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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5. Individuals who naturally avoid risk prefer to engage in edgework.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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6. Emerging adults are the heaviest users of alcohol and cigarettes.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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7. Drug use usually decreases by the early twenties.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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8. In a longitudinal study conducted on alcohol use, it was shown that despite what one may expect, only 25 percent of emerging adults used alcohol to excess to celebrate their 21st birthday.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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9. The high rate of violent deaths among emerging adults is found only in the United States.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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10. Informing college students that most classmates do not use illegal drugs or drink to excess can help deter college students from drug use.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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11. Adulthood has several distinct stages of cognitive development.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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12. Every year of college appears to improve cognitive abilities, including intellectual flexibility.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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13. Because of their skepticism, college graduates tend to think more narrowly and rigidly than those who did not attend college.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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14. At the end more than at the beginning of college, students are likely to believe that there are clear and absolute truths to discover.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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15. Each year that students attend college, their thinking becomes increasingly ritualized and inflexible.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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16. As students progress through college, they become more able to see multiple perspectives.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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17. Compared to students two decades ago, college students today are less concerned with developing a philosophy of life and more concerned with being financially well-off.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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18. More of today's college students enroll in career-based studies and fewer in the liberal arts than did students of 20 years ago.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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19. The cognitive changes that occur during college are probably due to both the intellectual challenge and the social interaction.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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20. Most emerging adults have a firm grasp of who they are and have solidly established their identity.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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21. Erikson believes that a young adult who has achieved identity is eager and willing to fuse his or her identity with others, for example, in intimate relationships.
A) True B) False |
A – True
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22. The adult need for intimacy can be fulfilled only by a romantic partner.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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23. Most young adults have difficulty finding the time to make friends.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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24. Usually the first aspect of love to develop is commitment.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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25. Most developmentalists agree that cohabitation before marriage can strengthen a relationship and ensure a happy marriage.
A) True B) False |
B – False
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Refers to the rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that end childhood, eventually producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexual potential. The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development; usually sasting 3-5 years – and usually starting between ages 8-14. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.
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Puberty
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The life stage that bridges childhood and adulthood. In general, it represents the second decade of life. Many psychologists have begun to separate this life stage into several, including early ___________ (10-13 yrs), traditional or mid-___________ (14-18 yrs), and late ___________ or youth (19-23 yrs).
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Adolescence
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The development of adolescents is characterized by __________ and _____________.
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The development of adolescents is characterized by (CONTINUITY) and (DISCONTINUITY).
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__________, adolescents are still influenced by their inherited genes, but now the inheritance interacts with new social conditions with family, peers, school, dating, and friendships. ________, an adolescent has already spent years interacting with parents, friends, and teachers. Now, though, new experiences arise and relationships take on a different form, especially concerning dating and intimacy. And lastly, the _________ ___________ of adolescents involves thought processes that are more abstract and idealistic.
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(PHYSICALLY), adolescents are still influenced by their inherited genes, but now the inheritance interacts with new social conditions with family, peers, school, dating, and friendships. (SOCIALLY), an adolescent has already spent years interacting with parents, friends, and teachers. Now, though, new experiences arise and relationships take on a different form, especially concerning dating and intimacy. And lastly, the (COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT) of adolescents involves thought processes that are more abstract and idealistic.
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A girl’s 1st menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after this.
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Menarche
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A boy’s 1st ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. This occurs during sleep (in a “wet dream”) or via direct stimulation.
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Spermarche
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For girls, the sequence of biological changes that take place during puberty is as follows: (1) growth of the _______, (2) first _____ _____, (3) ______ spurt, (4) first _________ ______ (menarche), (5) final _____-____ growth, and (6) full ______ ___________. The average age of ________ is now 12-1/2 years of age.
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For girls, the sequence of biological changes that take place during puberty is as follows: (1) growth of the (NIPPLES), (2) first (PUBIC HAIRS), (3) (HEIGHT) spurt, (4) first (MENSTRUAL PERIOD) (menarche), (5) final (PUBIC-HAIR) growth, and (6) full (BREAST DEVELOPMENT). The average age of (MENARCHE) is now 12-1/2 years of age.
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For boys, the usual sequence is as follows: (1) growth of the ______, (2) first _____ _____, (3) enlargement of the _____, (4) 1st ejaculation of _______ _____ (spermarche), (5) ______ spurt, and (6) final _____-____ growth. The average age of __________ is just under 13 years.
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For boys, the usual sequence is as follows: (1) growth of the (TESTES), (2) first (PUBIC HAIRS), (3) enlargement of the (PENIS), (4) 1st ejaculation of (SEMINAL FLUID) (spermarche), (5) (HEIGHT) spurt, and (6) final (PUBIC-HAIR) growth. The average age of (SPERMARCHE) is just under 13 years.
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For both sexes, puberty is complete about _ years after the first signs, although some individuals add height, fat, and muscle in their late _____.
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For both sexes, puberty is complete about (4) years after the first signs, although some individuals add height, fat, and muscle in their late (TEENS).
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The sequence of a chain reaction of hormone production, originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands.
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HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal) Axis
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_______ production is regulated deep within the brain, where biochemical _______ from the hypothalamus signal the pituitary gland (also in the brain) to produce hormones that signal the _______ glands (located above the kidneys) to produce more hormones. This HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis is diagrammed in Figure 5.3 (pg. 170). It is the route for hormones that regulate _______, as well as stress, growth, sleep, appetite, and ______ __________.
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(HORMONE) production is regulated deep within the brain, where biochemical (SIGNALS) from the hypothalamus signal the pituitary gland (also in the brain) to produce hormones that signal the (ADRENAL) glands (located above the kidneys) to produce more hormones. This HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis is diagrammed in Figure 5.3 (pg. 170). It is the route for hormones that regulate (PUBERTY), as well as stress, growth, sleep, appetite, and (SEXUAL EXCITEMENT).
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Hormones interact with one another and with the ___ ____. Abnormalities of the HPA axis in adolescence are associated with sever _________-_______ ________, eating disorders, anxiety, and __________; all of these conditions are connected to hormone imbalances and appear for the first time or worsen at _______.
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Hormones interact with one another and with the (HPA AXIS). Abnormalities of the HPA axis in adolescence are associated with sever (ATTENTION-DEFICIT DISORDER), eating disorders, anxiety, and (DEPRESSION); all of these conditions are connected to hormone imbalances and appear for the first time or worsen at (PUBERTY).
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The paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males), which produce hormones and gametes.
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Gonads
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A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen; females produce this more than males do.
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Estradiol
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A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.
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Testosterone
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At adolescence, the pituitary also activates the gonads, or ___ ______ (ovaries in females; testes, or testicles, in males). One hormone in particular, of estrogens and androgens (female and male sex hormones, respectively), chiefly _________ in girls and ____________ in boys.
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At adolescence, the pituitary also activates the gonads, or (SEX GLANDS) (ovaries in females; testes, or testicles, in males). One hormone in particular, of estrogens and androgens (female and male sex hormones, respectively), chiefly (ESTRADIOL) in girls and (TESTOSTERONE) in boys.
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After decreasing in childhood, testosterone skyrockets in boys – rising to __ times the prepubescent level or more. In girls, estradiol increases to about _ times the childhood level.
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After decreasing in childhood, testosterone skyrockets in boys – rising to (20) times the prepubescent level or more. In girls, estradiol increases to about (8) times the childhood level.
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Boys are more likely to become ___________, girls to develop ______ disorders.
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Boys are more likely to become (DELINQUENTS), girls to develop (EATING) disorders.
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The HPA axis leads from brain to body to behavior. We have already noted the brain (especially via the pituitary) and body (the sequence of puberty), but the 3rd item, the behavior changes, are often are most unexpected, sudden, and unsettling. The behaviors triggered by hormones are responses to _________ and ____, which overtake the relative emotional calm of the predictable, asexual child.
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The HPA axis leads from brain to body to behavior. We have already noted the brain (especially via the pituitary) and body (the sequence of puberty), but the 3rd item, the behavior changes, are often are most unexpected, sudden, and unsettling. The behaviors triggered by hormones are responses to (MOODINESS and LUST), which overtake the relative emotional calm of the predictable, asexual child.
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Not only do human thoughts and emotions result from hormones and other physiological and neurological processes, but they also _____ them. An adolescent’s reactions to how other people _______ to breasts, beards, and body shapes evoke thoughts and frustrations that, in turn, raise hormone levels.
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Not only do human thoughts and emotions result from hormones and other physiological and neurological processes, but they also (CAUSE) them. An adolescent’s reactions to how other people (RESPOND) to breasts, beards, and body shapes evoke thoughts and frustrations that, in turn, raise hormone levels.
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On average, girls are about 2 years ahead of boys in height. However, when it comes to hormonal changes, girls are only a few ______, ___ _____, ahead of boys.
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On average, girls are about 2 years ahead of boys in height. However, when it comes to hormonal changes, girls are only a few (MONTHS, NOT YEARS), ahead of boys.
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What is it called when sexual development begins before the age of 8 (this occurs about once in 5,000 children), for unknown reasons?
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Precocious Puberty
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In most adolescents, genes, body fat, hormones, and stress all affect the age at which _______ begins.
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In most adolescents, genes, body fat, hormones, and stress all affect the age at which (PUBERTY) begins.
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Children who have a relatively large proportion of body fat experience puberty ______ than do their thin contemporaries. This is true internationally. Puberty starts earlier in the cities of India and China than in the remote villages, probably because rural children are often ______.
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Children who have a relatively large proportion of body fat experience puberty (SOONER) than do their thin contemporaries. This is true internationally. Puberty starts earlier in the cities of India and China than in the remote villages, probably because rural children are often (HUNGRY).
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Some researchers believe that hormones in the food supply are one reason why puberty is occurring earlier than it did a century ago, and they blame additives in the food supply as the cause of __________ puberty.
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Some researchers believe that hormones in the food supply are one reason why puberty is occurring earlier than it did a century ago, and they blame additives in the food supply as the cause of (PRECOCIOUS) puberty.
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In both sexes, chronic malnutrition delays puberty. Because of severe malnutrition in regions of Africa, children there reach puberty later than any other group worldwide, even though their genetic cousins in _____ _______ typically experience puberty when they are relatively young. Widespread malnutrition probably explains why puberty did not occur until about age 17 in the 16th century.
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In both sexes, chronic malnutrition delays puberty. Because of severe malnutrition in regions of Africa, children there reach puberty later than any other group worldwide, even though their genetic cousins in (NORTH AMERICA) typically experience puberty when they are relatively young. Widespread malnutrition probably explains why puberty did not occur until about age 17 in the 16th century.
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Examining data on puberty over the centuries reveals a dramatic example of a long-term statistical increase or decrease called a secular trend, which in this case is the tendency for improvements in ______ and _________ to affect human growth. Because of the secular trend over the past two centuries, each generation has experienced puberty a few weeks earlier, and has grown a centimeter or so taller, than did the preceding one. The secular trend has stopped in developed nations, which may be good news for parents. Today’s young men will probably not be tall enough to look down on their fathers, or girls on their mothers, as did young people in previous generations.
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Examining data on puberty over the centuries reveals a dramatic example of a long-term statistical increase or decrease called a secular trend, which in this case is the tendency for improvements in (HEALTH) and (NUTRITION) to affect human growth. Because of the secular trend over the past two centuries, each generation has experienced puberty a few weeks earlier, and has grown a centimeter or so taller, than did the preceding one. The secular trend has stopped in developed nations, which may be good news for parents. Today’s young men will probably not be tall enough to look down on their fathers, or girls on their mothers, as did young people in previous generations.
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Some individuals voluntarily undereat and overexercise, depriving their vital organs. They may suffer from anorexia nervosa, a disorder characterized by self-starvation. Between _-__% of victims eventually die of organ failure or suicide.
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Some individuals voluntarily undereat and overexercise, depriving their vital organs. They may suffer from anorexia nervosa, a disorder characterized by self-starvation. Between (5-20)% of victims eventually die of organ failure or suicide.
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Anorexia nervosa is diagnosed when 4 symptoms are evident:
a. Refusal to maintain a weight that is at least __% of normal BMI. b. Intense fear of weight gain. c. Disturbed body perception and ______ of the problem. d. Absence of ____________ (in adolescent and adult females). |
Anorexia nervosa is diagnosed when 4 symptoms are evident:
a. Refusal to maintain a weight that is at least (85)% of normal BMI. b. Intense fear of weight gain. c. Disturbed body perception and (DENIAL) of the problem. d. Absence of (MENSTRUATION) (in adolescent and adult females). |
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If someone’s body mass index (BMI) is __ or lower, or if she (or, less often, he) loses more than __% of body weight within a month or two, anorexia is suspected.
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If someone’s body mass index (BMI) is (18) or lower, or if she (or, less often, he) loses more than (10)% of body weight within a month or two, anorexia is suspected.
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Although anorexia may have existed in earlier centuries, the disease was undiagnosed before about 1950, when some high-achieving, upper-class adults in the United States grew so emaciated that they died. Soon anorexia became evident among younger women (the rate increases notably at puberty and again at the end of adolescence), among men, and in every nation and ethnic group. _______ ______ can make it more likely that a person will develop anorexia: The risk increases if a young woman has a close relative, especially a monozygotic twin, with anorexia or severe depression.
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Although anorexia may have existed in earlier centuries, the disease was undiagnosed before about 1950, when some high-achieving, upper-class adults in the United States grew so emaciated that they died. Soon anorexia became evident among younger women (the rate increases notably at puberty and again at the end of adolescence), among men, and in every nation and ethnic group. (GENETIC MAKEUP) can make it more likely that a person will develop anorexia: The risk increases if a young woman has a close relative, especially a monozygotic twin, with anorexia or severe depression.
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About 3 times as common as anorexia is bulimia nervosa. The person (usually female) with bulimia overeats compulsively (consuming thousands of calories within an hour or two) and then purges via induced ________ or _________. Most people with bulimia are close to normal in weight and therefore unlikely to starve. However, they risk serious health problems, including damage to their gastrointestinal systems and cardiac arrest from electrolyte imbalance.
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About 3 times as common as anorexia is bulimia nervosa. The person (usually female) with bulimia overeats compulsively (consuming thousands of calories within an hour or two) and then purges via induced (VOMITING) or (LAXATIVES). Most people with bulimia are close to normal in weight and therefore unlikely to starve. However, they risk serious health problems, including damage to their gastrointestinal systems and cardiac arrest from electrolyte imbalance.
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Three things combine to warrant a clinical diagnosis of bulimia:
a. Bingeing and purging at least once a week for _ months. b. Uncontrollable urges to overeat. c. A distorted __________ of body size. |
Three things combine to warrant a clinical diagnosis of bulimia:
a. Bingeing and purging at least once a week for (3) months. b. Uncontrollable urges to overeat. c. A distorted (PERCEPTION) of body size. |
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Between _-_% of women in the United States are clinically bulimic during early adulthood.
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Between (1-3)% of women in the United States are clinically bulimic during early adulthood.
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Each episode of bingeing, purging, or fasting makes the next one ______. It is likely that a combination of causes leads to obesity, anorexia, and bulimia. This destructive combination has five elements: cultural ideals of thinness, social stress, increased appetite, hormones of puberty, and childhood habits that disconnect eating from ______.
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Each episode of bingeing, purging, or fasting makes the next one (EASIER). It is likely that a combination of causes leads to obesity, anorexia, and bulimia. This destructive combination has five elements: cultural ideals of thinness, social stress, increased appetite, hormones of puberty, and childhood habits that disconnect eating from (HUNGER).
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Puberty usually begins between ages 8-14 (typically age 11-12) in response to hormones that begin deep within the _____, traveling from the hypothalamus to the pituitary.
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Puberty usually begins between ages 8-14 (typically age 11-12) in response to hormones that begin deep within the (BRAIN), traveling from the hypothalamus to the pituitary.
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Hormones affect the ________ as well as the ________, with adolescent rage, lust, and despair caused by hormones as well as by social reactions to visible body changes.
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Hormones affect the (EMOTIONS) as well as the (PHYSIQUE), with adolescent rage, lust, and despair caused by hormones as well as by social reactions to visible body changes.
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The timing of puberty is affected by _____, body fat, hormones, and ______.
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The timing of puberty is affected by (GENES), body fat, hormones, and (STRESS).
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Good nutrition is especially important, but especially unlikely, during adolescence; excessive _______ sometimes leads to severe eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia.
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Good nutrition is especially important, but especially unlikely, during adolescence; excessive (DIETING) sometimes leads to severe eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia.
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The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis.
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a woman’s breasts.
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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Every body part changes during puberty. For the sake of discussion, the transformation from a child into an adult may be divided into 2 parts: ________ ______ and ______ __________.
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Every body part changes during puberty. For the sake of discussion, the transformation from a child into an adult may be divided into 2 parts: (PHYSICAL GROWTH) and (SEXUAL MATURATION).
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The 1st set of changes during puberty is the growth spurt – a sudden, uneven increase in the size of almost every body part. Growth proceeds from the ___________ to the ____: Hands and feet grow before arms and legs; arms and legs before the torso.
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The 1st set of changes during puberty is the growth spurt – a sudden, uneven increase in the size of almost every body part. Growth proceeds from the (EXTREMITIES) to the (CORE): Hands and feet grow before arms and legs; arms and legs before the torso.
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A height spurt follows the increase in body fat, and then a muscle spurt occurs. Lungs ______ in weight, and adolescents breathe more deeply and less rapidly. The heart _______ in size and beats more slowly, while blood pressure and volume rise. Physical endurance increases: Teenagers can run or dance for hours.
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A height spurt follows the increase in body fat, and then a muscle spurt occurs. Lungs (TRIPLE) in weight, and adolescents breathe more deeply and less rapidly. The heart (DOUBLES) in size and beats more slowly, while blood pressure and volume rise. Physical endurance increases: Teenagers can run or dance for hours.
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Note that height increases before muscles and the size of internal organs do, which means that athletic training should be tailored to an adolescent’s size ___ ________ ____. Sports injuries are common at puberty, partly because young bones are more easily fractured than adult bones (until old age).
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Note that height increases before muscles and the size of internal organs do, which means that athletic training should be tailored to an adolescent’s size (THE PREVIOUS YEAR). Sports injuries are common at puberty, partly because young bones are more easily fractured than adult bones (until old age).
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Only one organ system, the ________ system (which includes the tonsils and adenoids), decreases in size, thus making teenagers less susceptible to respiratory ailments. Mild asthma, for example, often switches off at puberty, and teenagers have fewer colds than younger children do.
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Only one organ system, the (LYMPHOID) system (which includes the tonsils and adenoids), decreases in size, thus making teenagers less susceptible to respiratory ailments. Mild asthma, for example, often switches off at puberty, and teenagers have fewer colds than younger children do.
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Another organ system, the ____, changes in marked ways, becoming oilier, sweatier, and more prone to acne.
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Another organ system, the (SKIN), changes in marked ways, becoming oilier, sweatier, and more prone to acne.
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Hair also changes. During puberty, hair on the head and limbs (those dark leg hairs) becomes _______ and ______. New hair grows under arms, on faces, and over sex organs (this is called pubic hair, which, like the word puberty, comes from the Latin word puber, meaning “adult”).
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Hair also changes. During puberty, hair on the head and limbs (those dark leg hairs) becomes (COARSER) and (DARKER). New hair grows under arms, on faces, and over sex organs (this is called pubic hair, which, like the word puberty, comes from the Latin word puber, meaning “adult”).
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Visible facial and chest hair is sometimes considered a sign of manliness, although hairiness in either sex depends on _____ as well as on ________.
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Visible facial and chest hair is sometimes considered a sign of manliness, although hairiness in either sex depends on (GENES) as well as on (HORMONES).
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Unfortunately, the other major problem of teenage sexuality shows no signs of abating. A sexually transmitted infection (STI) (sometimes referred to as a sexually transmitted disease [STD] or venereal disease [VD]) is any infection transmitted through sexual contact. Worldwide, sexually active teenagers have higher rates of the most common STIs – gonorrhea, genital herpes, and chlamydia – than any other age group. In the United States, young persons ages __-__ constitute only ¼ of the sexually active population but account for ____ of all sexually transmitted infections.
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Unfortunately, the other major problem of teenage sexuality shows no signs of abating. A sexually transmitted infection (STI) (sometimes referred to as a sexually transmitted disease [STD] or venereal disease [VD]) is any infection transmitted through sexual contact. Worldwide, sexually active teenagers have higher rates of the most common STIs – gonorrhea, genital herpes, and chlamydia – than any other age group. In the United States, young persons ages (15-24) constitute only ¼ of the sexually active population but account for (HALF) of all sexually transmitted infections.
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The youngest adolescents are particularly vulnerable. If a boy has sex before age 16, or a girl has sex before age 16 with an older partner, the chance of catching an infection is _____ as high as it would have been if he or she had waited a few years. One reason is biological. Fully developed women have some natural biological defenses against STIs; this is less true for pubescent girls, who are more likely to catch any STI they are exposed to, including AIDS.
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The youngest adolescents are particularly vulnerable. If a boy has sex before age 16, or a girl has sex before age 16 with an older partner, the chance of catching an infection is (TWICE) as high as it would have been if he or she had waited a few years. One reason is biological. Fully developed women have some natural biological defenses against STIs; this is less true for pubescent girls, who are more likely to catch any STI they are exposed to, including AIDS.
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For psychological reasons, young sexually active boys and girls are unlikely to seek immediate _________ of an STI or to _____ their partners. Many have sexual relationships with two or more people within a short time, thus hastening the spread of infection.
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For psychological reasons, young sexually active boys and girls are unlikely to seek immediate (TREATMENT) of an STI or to (ALERT) their partners. Many have sexual relationships with two or more people within a short time, thus hastening the spread of infection.
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Over and above the usual fears about confidentiality, occurs for homosexual adolescents. In some families and cultures, same-sex relationships are secret, even shameful. This makes it even more difficult for gay or lesbian teens to seek _________ than it is for their heterosexual peers.
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Over and above the usual fears about confidentiality, occurs for homosexual adolescents. In some families and cultures, same-sex relationships are secret, even shameful. This makes it even more difficult for gay or lesbian teens to seek (TREATMENT) than it is for their heterosexual peers.
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There are hundreds of STIs. _________ is the most frequently reported one; it often begins without symptoms, yet it can cause permanent infertility. A laboratory test can detect it, and it can be treated and cured, but many young people avoid doctors.
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There are hundreds of STIs. (CHLAMYDIA) is the most frequently reported one; it often begins without symptoms, yet it can cause permanent infertility. A laboratory test can detect it, and it can be treated and cured, but many young people avoid doctors.
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Another common STI is human papillomavirus (HPV) which has no immediate consequences but, later in life, increases a female’s risk of _______ cancer and death. Immunization before a girl’s 1st ___________ makes contracting HPV much less likely, but many parents refuse to immunize their young daughters.
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Another common STI is human papillomavirus (HPV) which has no immediate consequences but, later in life, increases a female’s risk of (UTERINE) cancer and death. Immunization before a girl’s 1st (INTERCOURSE) makes contracting HPV much less likely, but many parents refuse to immunize their young daughters.
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National differences in assumptions about, rates of, and policies regarding STIs are striking. In France, __% of adolescents use contraception’s (usually a condom) at 1st intercourse; not coincidentally, every French high school is required to provide students with free, confidential medical care. In contrast, far fewer Italian, German, and US teenagers use condoms (In the US, only _/_ of sexually active high school senior girls said they had used a condom during their most recent sexual encounter).
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National differences in assumptions about, rates of, and policies regarding STIs are striking. In France, (91)% of adolescents use contraception’s (usually a condom) at 1st intercourse; not coincidentally, every French high school is required to provide students with free, confidential medical care. In contrast, far fewer Italian, German, and US teenagers use condoms (In the US, only (½) of sexually active high school senior girls said they had used a condom during their most recent sexual encounter).
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As with the rest of the body, different parts of the brain grow at different rates. The limbic system (fear, emotional impulses) matures before the prefrontal cortex (planning ahead, emotional regulation). Myelination and maturation proceed from inside the brain to the cortex and from ____ __ _____. That means the instinctual and emotional areas develop before the reflective ones do, making adolescent brains the “turbo-charged engines with an unskilled driver,” mentioned on pg. 307. The hormones of puberty affect the amygdala (part of the limbic system) more directly than the cortex, which is more affected by age and experience. Earlier puberty means emotional rushes, unchecked by caution.
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As with the rest of the body, different parts of the brain grow at different rates. The limbic system (fear, emotional impulses) matures before the prefrontal cortex (planning ahead, emotional regulation). Myelination and maturation proceed from inside the brain to the cortex and from (BACK TO FRONT). That means the instinctual and emotional areas develop before the reflective ones do, making adolescent brains the “turbo-charged engines with an unskilled driver,” mentioned on pg. 307. The hormones of puberty affect the amygdala (part of the limbic system) more directly than the cortex, which is more affected by age and experience. Earlier puberty means emotional rushes, unchecked by caution.
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There is no doubt that teenage response inhibition, emotional regulation, and organization are ______________ because the prefrontal cortex is not yet mature.
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There is no doubt that teenage response inhibition, emotional regulation, and organization are (UNDERDEVELOPED) because the prefrontal cortex is not yet mature.
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The combination of the normal sequence of brain maturation (limbic system, then cortex and the earlier onset of puberty (perhaps because of better nutrition or greater stress) means that, for many contemporary youths, ________ rule ________. The limbic system, unchecked by the slower-maturing prefrontal cortex, makes strong, immediate sensations attractive to teens.
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The combination of the normal sequence of brain maturation (limbic system, then cortex and the earlier onset of puberty (perhaps because of better nutrition or greater stress) means that, for many contemporary youths, (EMOTIONS) rule (BEHAVIOR). The limbic system, unchecked by the slower-maturing prefrontal cortex, makes strong, immediate sensations attractive to teens.
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Hormones that instigate puberty have little effect on the ____________ advances necessary for adult planning and reflection. The prefrontal cortex may not mature until years after the young person 1st has hormonal rushes, overwhelming sexual urges, and access to weapons.
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Hormones that instigate puberty have little effect on the (NEUROLOGICAL) advances necessary for adult planning and reflection. The prefrontal cortex may not mature until years after the young person 1st has hormonal rushes, overwhelming sexual urges, and access to weapons.
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The fact that the prefrontal cortex is still developing confers benefits as well as risks, it helps explain the creativity of adolescence and early adulthood, before the brain becomes ___ __ ___ ____.
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The fact that the prefrontal cortex is still developing confers benefits as well as risks, it helps explain the creativity of adolescence and early adulthood, before the brain becomes (SET IN ITS WAYS).
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A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10-14) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.
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Adolescent Egocentrism
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Young adolescents not only think intensely about themselves but also imagine what others may think about them. This adolescent egocentrism was 1st described by _____ ______ (1967).
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Young adolescents not only think intensely about themselves but also imagine what others may think about them. This adolescent egocentrism was 1st described by (DAVID ELKIND) (1967).
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The difference between egocentrism during adolescence and the same trait during preoperational thought is that adolescents, unlike younger children, have a well-developed ______ __ ____. They know that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thing they are. However, their egocentrism distorts their understanding of what other may be thinking, especially about them.
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The difference between egocentrism during adolescence and the same trait during preoperational thought is that adolescents, unlike younger children, have a well-developed (THEORY OF MIND). They know that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thing they are. However, their egocentrism distorts their understanding of what other may be thinking, especially about them.
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In their egocentrism, adolescents regard themselves as unique, special, and much more socially significant (that is, noticed by everyone) than they actually are. Accurately imagining someone else’s ___________ is especially difficult when egocentrism rules.
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In their egocentrism, adolescents regard themselves as unique, special, and much more socially significant (that is, noticed by everyone) than they actually are. Accurately imagining someone else’s (PERSPECTIVE) is especially difficult when egocentrism rules.
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Egocentrism also leads adolescents to interpret another’s behavior as if it were related to __________. A stranger’s frown or a teacher’s critique could make a teenager conclude that “no one likes me” and then to deduce that “I am unlovable” or even to claim that “I can’t go out in public.” More positive casual reactions – a smile for a sales clerk or an extra-big hug from a younger brother – could lead to the thought that “I am great” or “Everyone loves me,” with similarly distorted self-perception.
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Egocentrism also leads adolescents to interpret another’s behavior as if it were related to (THEMSELVES). A stranger’s frown or a teacher’s critique could make a teenager conclude that “no one likes me” and then to deduce that “I am unlovable” or even to claim that “I can’t go out in public.” More positive casual reactions – a smile for a sales clerk or an extra-big hug from a younger brother – could lead to the thought that “I am great” or “Everyone loves me,” with similarly distorted self-perception.
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Acute self-consciousness is probably more prevalent between ages __-__ than earlier or later. Young adolescents would rather not stand out from their peers, hoping instead to blend in. They also believe that other people are as egocentric as they are.
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Acute self-consciousness is probably more prevalent between ages (10-14) than earlier or later. Young adolescents would rather not stand out from their peers, hoping instead to blend in. They also believe that other people are as egocentric as they are.
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An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else’s.
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Invincibility Fable
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An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else’s.
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Personal Fable
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Elkind gave names to several aspects of adolescent egocentrism. One is the ________ fable, the belief that one is unique, destined to have a heroic, even legendary, life. This belief gives rise to the _____________ fable, in which adolescents believe that, unlike other mortals, they cannot be hurt by drunk driving, unprotected sex, and so on. If they take risks and survive without harm, they feel special, not thankful.
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Elkind gave names to several aspects of adolescent egocentrism. One is the (PERSONAL) fable, the belief that one is unique, destined to have a heroic, even legendary, life. This belief gives rise to the (INVINCIBILITY) fable, in which adolescents believe that, unlike other mortals, they cannot be hurt by drunk driving, unprotected sex, and so on. If they take risks and survive without harm, they feel special, not thankful.
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In every nation, people who volunteer for military service – knowing or even hoping that they will be sent into combat – are more likely to be under age __ than over it. Young recruits take risks more often than older, more experienced soldiers do. In the military as well as in civilian life, more young males than older males or females believe that they are invincible.
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In every nation, people who volunteer for military service – knowing or even hoping that they will be sent into combat – are more likely to be under age (20) than over it. Young recruits take risks more often than older, more experienced soldiers do. In the military as well as in civilian life, more young males than older males or females believe that they are invincible.
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The other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers self-conscious.
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Imaginary Audience
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Egocentrism also creates an imaginary audience in the minds of many adolescents, both male and female. They seem to believe that they are at ______ stage, with all eyes on them, and that others are as intensely interested in them as they themselves are. As a result, they are continually imagining how other might react to their appearance and behavior.
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Egocentrism also creates an imaginary audience in the minds of many adolescents, both male and female. They seem to believe that they are at (CENTER) stage, with all eyes on them, and that others are as intensely interested in them as they themselves are. As a result, they are continually imagining how other might react to their appearance and behavior.
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The _________ ________ can cause teenagers to enter a crowded room as if they are the most attractive human beings alive. They might put studs in their lips or blast music for all to hear, calling attention to themselves. The reverse is also possible: They might avoid scrutiny lest someone notice a blemish on their chin or make fun of their braces. Many a 12-year-old balks at going to school with a bad haircut or the wrong shoes. Many adolescents cringe from their _________ ________, fearful that their peers will notice them. One girl remarked, “I would like to be able to fly if everyone else did; otherwise it would be rather conspicuous.”
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The (IMAGINARY AUDIENCE) can cause teenagers to enter a crowded room as if they are the most attractive human beings alive. They might put studs in their lips or blast music for all to hear, calling attention to themselves. The reverse is also possible: They might avoid scrutiny lest someone notice a blemish on their chin or make fun of their braces. Many a 12-year-old balks at going to school with a bad haircut or the wrong shoes. Many adolescents cringe from their (IMAGINARY AUDIENCE), fearful that their peers will notice them. One girl remarked, “I would like to be able to fly if everyone else did; otherwise it would be rather conspicuous.”
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Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics. (Sometimes called top-down reasoning.)
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Deductive Reasoning
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Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction. (Sometimes called bottom-up reasoning.)
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Inductive Reasoning
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In Piaget’s theory, the 4th and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas.
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Formal Operational Thought
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Piaget’s balance-scale test of formal reasoning, as it is attempted by (a) a 4-year old, (b) a 7-year old, (c) a 10-year old, and (d) a 14-year old. The key to balancing the scale is to understand the reciprocity of ______ and ________; the realization of that principle requires formal operation thought.
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Piaget’s balance-scale test of formal reasoning, as it is attempted by (a) a 4-year old, (b) a 7-year old, (c) a 10-year old, and (d) a 14-year old. The key to balancing the scale is to understand the reciprocity of (WEIGHT) and (DISTANCE); the realization of that principle requires formal operation thought.
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Piaget and his colleagues devised a number of tasks that demonstrate formal operation thought. Successful __________ of these tasks shows that “in contrast to concrete operational children, formal operation adolescents imagine all possible determinants… [and] systematically vary the factors one by one, observe the results correctly, keep track of the results, and draw the appropriate conclusions.”
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Piaget and his colleagues devised a number of tasks that demonstrate formal operation thought. Successful (COMPLETION) of these tasks shows that “in contrast to concrete operational children, formal operation adolescents imagine all possible determinants… [and] systematically vary the factors one by one, observe the results correctly, keep track of the results, and draw the appropriate conclusions.”
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In one experiment, children balance a scale by hooking weights onto the scale’s arms. To master this task, a person must realize that the heaviness of the weights and their distance from the center interact reciprocally to affect balance. Therefore, a heavier weight close to the center can be counterbalanced with a lighter weight far from the center. This concept was completely beyond the ability or interest of 3-5 year olds (who randomly hung different weights on different hooks). By age 7, children realized that the scale could be balanced by putting the same amount of weight on each arm. However, they didn’t know or care that the distance from the center was important. By age 10, at the end of the condrete operational stage, children thought about location, but they used trial and error, not logic. They succeeded with equal weights at equal distances and were pleased when they balanced different weights, but they did not figure out the formula. Finally, by about age 13 or 14, some children hypothesized the reciprocal relationship between weight and distance, tested this hypothesis, and formulated the mathematical formula, solving the balance problem accurately and efficiently. Piaget attributed each of these advance to attainment of the next cognitive stage beyond concrete operations.
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In one experiment, children balance a scale by hooking weights onto the scale’s arms. To master this task, a person must realize that the heaviness of the weights and their distance from the center interact reciprocally to affect balance. Therefore, a heavier weight close to the center can be counterbalanced with a lighter weight far from the center. This concept was completely beyond the ability or interest of 3-5 year olds (who randomly hung different weights on different hooks). By age 7, children realized that the scale could be balanced by putting the same amount of weight on each arm. However, they didn’t know or care that the distance from the center was important. By age 10, at the end of the condrete operational stage, children thought about location, but they used trial and error, not logic. They succeeded with equal weights at equal distances and were pleased when they balanced different weights, but they did not figure out the formula. Finally, by about age 13 or 14, some children hypothesized the reciprocal relationship between weight and distance, tested this hypothesis, and formulated the mathematical formula, solving the balance problem accurately and efficiently. Piaget attributed each of these advance to attainment of the next cognitive stage beyond concrete operations.
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In developing the capacity to think hypothetically, by age 14 or so adolescents become capable of _________ reasoning, or top-down reasoning, which begins with an abstract idea or premise and then uses logic to draw specific conclusions. By contrast, _________ reasoning, or bottom-up reasoning, predominates during the school years, as children accumulate facts and personal experiences (the knowledge base) to aid their thought.
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In developing the capacity to think hypothetically, by age 14 or so adolescents become capable of (DEDUCTIVE) reasoning, or top-down reasoning, which begins with an abstract idea or premise and then uses logic to draw specific conclusions. By contrast, (INDUCTIVE) reasoning, or bottom-up reasoning, predominates during the school years, as children accumulate facts and personal experiences (the knowledge base) to aid their thought.
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In essence, a child’s reasoning goes like this: “This creature waddles and quacks. Ducks waddle and quack. Therefore, this creature must be a duck.” This reasoning is _________: It progresses from particulars (“waddles” and “quacks”) to a general conclusion (“It’s a duck”). By contrast, _________ progresses from the general to the specific. “If it’s a duck, it will waddle and quack.” (Figure 9.6, pg. 331)
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In essence, a child’s reasoning goes like this: “This creature waddles and quacks. Ducks waddle and quack. Therefore, this creature must be a duck.” This reasoning is (INDUCTIVE): It progresses from particulars (“waddles” and “quacks”) to a general conclusion (“It’s a duck”). By contrast, (DEDUCTION) progresses from the general to the specific. “If it’s a duck, it will waddle and quack.” (Figure 9.6, pg. 331)
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Adolescent brain development is ______, with growth of the limbic system outpacing advance in the prefrontal cortex. This imbalance may result in emotional impulses that are poorly moderated by reflection.
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Adolescent brain development is (UNEVEN), with growth of the limbic system outpacing advance in the prefrontal cortex. This imbalance may result in emotional impulses that are poorly moderated by reflection.
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________ reaches heightened self-consciousness at puberty, when adolescent egocentrism includes personal fables, feelings of invincibility, and imaginary audiences.
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(THINKING) reaches heightened self-consciousness at puberty, when adolescent egocentrism includes personal fables, feelings of invincibility, and imaginary audiences.
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Piaget’s 4th and final stage of intelligence, ______ ___________ _______, is characterized by abstract reasoning, deductive logic, and hypothetical thinking.
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Piaget’s 4th and final stage of intelligence, (FORMAL OPERATIONAL THOUGHT), is characterized by abstract reasoning, deductive logic, and hypothetical thinking.
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The brain’s dual-processing networks cause people to use __________ thinking sometimes and quick, _________ reasoning at other times.
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The brain’s dual-processing networks cause people to use (ANALYTICAL) thinking sometimes and quick, (INTUITIVE) reasoning at other times.
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Bullying that occurs via Internet insults and rumors, texting, anonymous phone calls, and video embarrassment.
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Cyberbullying
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When one person bullies another by spreading insults and rumors via e-mail, texting, or anonymous but widespread messages and photos sent to cell phones and computer. One study found that __% of secondary school students had experienced cyberbullying and __% of them said they had engaged in it, although few of their parents knew about it.
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When one person bullies another by spreading insults and rumors via e-mail, texting, or anonymous but widespread messages and photos sent to cell phones and computer. One study found that (23)% of secondary school students had experienced cyberbullying and (16)% of them said they had engaged in it, although few of their parents knew about it.
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There are differences in opinion regarding cyberbullying. Some fear that the anonymity provided by electronic technology brings out the worst in people, who flame and insult online but would not do so in person. However, one expert on bullying believes that cyberbullying is similar to other forms, new in mode but not in ______ or ______ __ ____.
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There are differences in opinion regarding cyberbullying. Some fear that the anonymity provided by electronic technology brings out the worst in people, who flame and insult online but would not do so in person. However, one expert on bullying believes that cyberbullying is similar to other forms, new in mode but not in (INTENT) or (DEGREE OF HARM).
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An evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure. A single test that determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted is a ____-______ ____.
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An evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure. A single test that determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted is a (HIGH-STAKES TEST).
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In 2008, 23 US states required student to pass a high-stakes test (in addition to passing a certain number of required courses) in order to graduate. Any exam for which the consequences of _______ are severe is called a high-stakes test. (Traditionally, such tests were used when adults sought professional licenses to go into practice as, for example, lawyers, doctors, and clinical psychologists.)
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In 2008, 23 US states required student to pass a high-stakes test (in addition to passing a certain number of required courses) in order to graduate. Any exam for which the consequences of (FAILING) are severe is called a high-stakes test. (Traditionally, such tests were used when adults sought professional licenses to go into practice as, for example, lawyers, doctors, and clinical psychologists.)
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Some people consider high-stakes tests and rigorous course requirements for high school graduation to be good ways to raise academic standards; others believe that these changes destroy true learning. The fear is that teachers may be forced to “_____ __ __ ____,” concentrating on note memorization of factual information and ignoring both analysis and intuition.
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Some people consider high-stakes tests and rigorous course requirements for high school graduation to be good ways to raise academic standards; others believe that these changes destroy true learning. The fear is that teachers may be forced to “(TEACH TO THE TEST),” concentrating on note memorization of factual information and ignoring both analysis and intuition.
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Extensive research suggests that ___-___ is the ideal number of students to have in a high school, partly because there is more opportunity for almost every student to be involved in some sort of team or club. Nevertheless, 2/3 of high school students in the US attend schools with enrollments of over _,___. Big schools are more economical, but they do not necessarily increase learning and motivation.
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Extensive research suggests that (200-400) is the ideal number of students to have in a high school, partly because there is more opportunity for almost every student to be involved in some sort of team or club. Nevertheless, 2/3 of high school students in the US attend schools with enrollments of over (1,000). Big schools are more economical, but they do not necessarily increase learning and motivation.
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Middle schools tend to be less personal, less flexible, and more tightly regulated than elementary schools, all of which may contribute to _________ student achievement.
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Middle schools tend to be less personal, less flexible, and more tightly regulated than elementary schools, all of which may contribute to (DECLINING) student achievement.
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Transitions, such as the move into middle school, are difficult for children, especially when they are also ______ with the demands of puberty and the self-centeredness of egocentrism.
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Transitions, such as the move into middle school, are difficult for children, especially when they are also (COPING) with the demands of puberty and the self-centeredness of egocentrism.
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Electronic technology can improve learning and aid in the social ____________ of students, which benefits their understanding. Cyberbullying and other destructive uses of the Internet are among the drawbacks.
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Electronic technology can improve learning and aid in the social (INTERACTIONS) of students, which benefits their understanding. Cyberbullying and other destructive uses of the Internet are among the drawbacks.
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High school education can advance both __________ and _________ thinking, but some students are disengaged and many leave without graduating.
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High school education can advance both (ANALYTICAL) and (INTUITIVE) thinking, but some students are disengaged and many leave without graduating.
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Erikson’s term for the 5th stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
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A consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual, interms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations.
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Identity
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Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.
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Identity Achievement
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A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is.
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Role Confusion (aka Identity Diffusion)
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Erikson’s term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis.
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Foreclosure
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An adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example.
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Moratorium
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As Erik Erikson described it, life’s 5th psychosocial crisis is ________ vs. ____ _________. Many developmentalists agree with Erikson: Psychosocial development during adolescence is often understood as a search for a consistent understanding of oneself. Each young person wants to know, “Who am I?”
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As Erik Erikson described it, life’s 5th psychosocial crisis is (IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION). Many developmentalists agree with Erikson: Psychosocial development during adolescence is often understood as a search for a consistent understanding of oneself. Each young person wants to know, “Who am I?”
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Unlike younger children, who believe they are whatever their parents and community say they are, adolescents strive to define themselves. The complexities of finding one’s own identity, or sense of self as a unique person, become the primary crisis of adolescence, as young people struggle to reconcile their __________ identity with their connection to their ________.
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Unlike younger children, who believe they are whatever their parents and community say they are, adolescents strive to define themselves. The complexities of finding one’s own identity, or sense of self as a unique person, become the primary crisis of adolescence, as young people struggle to reconcile their (INDIVIDUAL) identity with their connection to their (HERITAGE).
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According to Erikson, the ultimate goal that resolves this crisis is identity achievement. Identity is achieved when adolescents reconsider the goals and values set by their parents and culture, accepting some and rejecting others. With their new autonomy, they maintain __________ with their past in order to move toward their future. They know who they are; they pursue their own goals.
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According to Erikson, the ultimate goal that resolves this crisis is identity achievement. Identity is achieved when adolescents reconsider the goals and values set by their parents and culture, accepting some and rejecting others. With their new autonomy, they maintain (CONTINUITY) with their past in order to move toward their future. They know who they are; they pursue their own goals.
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As with all of Erikson’s stages, the clash between the 2 extremes (here, identity vs. role confusion) causes a crisis to be resolved. Erikson’s insights inspired many other developmentalists – such as James Marcia (1966), who described 3 specific ways in which young people cope with this crisis as they strive for identity ___________: role confusion, foreclosure, and moratorium.
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As with all of Erikson’s stages, the clash between the 2 extremes (here, identity vs. role confusion) causes a crisis to be resolved. Erikson’s insights inspired many other developmentalists – such as James Marcia (1966), who described 3 specific ways in which young people cope with this crisis as they strive for identity (ACHIEVEMENT): role confusion, foreclosure, and moratorium.
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Over the past half-century, major psychosocial shifts have lengthened the duration of the identity crisis and added _____________. Many emerging adults are seeking identity achievement, so role confusion, foreclosure, and moratorium are still evident among them, too.
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Over the past half-century, major psychosocial shifts have lengthened the duration of the identity crisis and added (COMPLICATIONS). Many emerging adults are seeking identity achievement, so role confusion, foreclosure, and moratorium are still evident among them, too.
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Role confusion is the opposite of identity achievement. It is characterized by a lack of commitment to any _____ or ______, with apathy and indifference regarding every possible role. Role confusion is sometimes called identity diffusion, to emphasize that some adolescents seem diffuse, unfocused, unconcerned about their future.
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Role confusion is the opposite of identity achievement. It is characterized by a lack of commitment to any (GOALS) or (VALUES), with apathy and indifference regarding every possible role. Role confusion is sometimes called identity diffusion, to emphasize that some adolescents seem diffuse, unfocused, unconcerned about their future.
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Even the usual social demands – such as putting away clothes, making friends, completing school assignments, and thinking about college or employment – are beyond adolescents in this identity status (____ _________). Instead, they might escape by sleeping too much, watching mind-numbing television, turning from one romance to another. Their response to failure, criticism, demands, and deadlines is ____________ – a shrug and, “Whatever.”
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Even the usual social demands – such as putting away clothes, making friends, completing school assignments, and thinking about college or employment – are beyond adolescents in this identity status ([ROLE CONFUSION]). Instead, they might escape by sleeping too much, watching mind-numbing television, turning from one romance to another. Their response to failure, criticism, demands, and deadlines is (INDIFFERENCE) – a shrug and, “Whatever.”
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________ ___________ occurs when, in order to halt the confusion, young people short-circuit their search by accepting traditional values without examining them. They might follow roles and customs handed down from their parents or culture, never exploring alternatives, Or they might adopt an oppositional, negative identity (as the preacher’s kid becoming a rebel), again without any thoughtful questioning or _______________ of their path.
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(IDENTITY FORECLOSURE) occurs when, in order to halt the confusion, young people short-circuit their search by accepting traditional values without examining them. They might follow roles and customs handed down from their parents or culture, never exploring alternatives, Or they might adopt an oppositional, negative identity (as the preacher’s kid becoming a rebel), again without any thoughtful questioning or (INDIVIDUALIZING) of their path.
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A better shelter is moratorium, a kind of time-out. Moratorium is considered a more mature response than foreclosure. Societies provide many moratoria that allow adolescents to postpone final identity achievement when they leave high school. The most obvious moratorium in North America is _______, where a wide array of required general courses forestall the need to decide what to study or to set a ______ ____.
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A better shelter is moratorium, a kind of time-out. Moratorium is considered a more mature response than foreclosure. Societies provide many moratoria that allow adolescents to postpone final identity achievement when they leave high school. The most obvious moratorium in North America is (COLLEGE), where a wide array of required general courses forestall the need to decide what to study or to set a (CAREER PATH).
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Adolescents in __________ try to do what is required as student, soldier, missionary, and so on, but they consider these roles temporary, not their final identity. A dynamic-systems approach to identity emphasizes that the identity search is a _______, not a static condition.
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Adolescents in (MORATORIUM) try to do what is required as student, soldier, missionary, and so on, but they consider these roles temporary, not their final identity. A dynamic-systems approach to identity emphasizes that the identity search is a (PROCESS), not a static condition.
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Moratorium may be either an active or a passive period: Active adolescents question ____________ and explore options, as formal operational thinkers do, while passive adolescents welcome the reduced social pressure, happy with a respite from ________ ______.
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Moratorium may be either an active or a passive period: Active adolescents question (ALTERNATIVES) and explore options, as formal operational thinkers do, while passive adolescents welcome the reduced social pressure, happy with a respite from (DECISION MAKING).
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Erikson’s 5th psychosocial crisis, ________ vs. ____ _________, highlights adolescents’ psychosocial need to achieve identity, to know who they are.
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Erikson’s 5th psychosocial crisis, (IDENTITY) vs. (ROLE CONFUSION), highlights adolescents’ psychosocial need to achieve identity, to know who they are.
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Many adolescents experience confusion (_________), foreclosure, or moratorium before they achieve ________.
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Many adolescents experience confusion ([DIFFUSION]), foreclosure, or moratorium before they achieve (IDENTITY).
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______ identity now includes more diversity of gender roles than previously acknowledged.
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(SEXUAL) identity now includes more diversity of gender roles than previously acknowledged.
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____________ teenagers strive to find their own ethnic identity amid the changing conflicts and aspirations they experience.
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(CONTEMPORARY) teenagers strive to find their own ethnic identity amid the changing conflicts and aspirations they experience.
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__________ identity requires skills and maturity that are beyond most adolescents.
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(VOCATIONAL) identity requires skills and maturity that are beyond most adolescents.
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Petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing.
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Bickering
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The changing seas of human development are never sailed alone. At every turn, a voyager’s family, friends, and community provide sustenance, directions, ballast for stability, and a safe harbor when it is time to rest. Social forces also provide a reason to move ahead or change direction. In adolescence, a time when the winds of change blow particularly strong, ______ and _____ are valuable companions.
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The changing seas of human development are never sailed alone. At every turn, a voyager’s family, friends, and community provide sustenance, directions, ballast for stability, and a safe harbor when it is time to rest. Social forces also provide a reason to move ahead or change direction. In adolescence, a time when the winds of change blow particularly strong, (ADULTS) and (PEERS) are valuable companions.
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Adolescence is often characterized as a period of waning adult influence during which young people distance themselves from the ______ and _________ of their elders. There is some validity to this observation, but it does not always apply – and such distancing is not necessarily a good sign. In fact, when young people feel valued by their communities, trusted by teachers, and connected to parents or other adults, they are far less likely to abuse drugs, drop out of school, and take unnecessary risks.
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Adolescence is often characterized as a period of waning adult influence during which young people distance themselves from the (VALUES) and (BEHAVIORS) of their elders. There is some validity to this observation, but it does not always apply – and such distancing is not necessarily a good sign. In fact, when young people feel valued by their communities, trusted by teachers, and connected to parents or other adults, they are far less likely to abuse drugs, drop out of school, and take unnecessary risks.
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Many people besides parents can foster a young person’s healthy development throughout puberty and adolescence. Young people learn from music, from sports stars, from political leaders. More directly, extended-family members, teachers, church leaders, and parents of friends contribute to the ______ _______. “Supportive relationships with non-parent adults [are] key developmental assets predicting positive youth outcomes.”
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Many people besides parents can foster a young person’s healthy development throughout puberty and adolescence. Young people learn from music, from sports stars, from political leaders. More directly, extended-family members, teachers, church leaders, and parents of friends contribute to the (SOCIAL NETWORK). “Supportive relationships with non-parent adults [are] key developmental assets predicting positive youth outcomes.”
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Conflict is one dimension of the parent-child relationship, easy to notice but not necessarily the most important. More crucial may be _________, which has 4 aspects:
1. Communication (do parents and teens talk openly with one another?) 2. Support (do they rely on one another?) 3. _____________ (how emotionally close are they?) 4. _______ (do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?) No developmentalist doubts that the 1st 2, communication and support, are helpful – perhaps even essential – for emotional health. Patterns set during childhood continue lifelong. |
Conflict is one dimension of the parent-child relationship, easy to notice but not necessarily the most important. More crucial may be (CLOSENESS), which has 4 aspects:
1. Communication (do parents and teens talk openly with one another?) 2. Support (do they rely on one another?) 3. (CONNECTEDNESS) (how emotionally close are they?) 4. (CONTROL) (do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?) No developmentalist doubts that the 1st 2, communication and support, are helpful – perhaps even essential – for emotional health. Patterns set during childhood continue lifelong. |
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Parents’ ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom.
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Parental Monitoring
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A group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders.
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Clique
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A larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends.
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Crowd
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Encouragement to conform to one’s friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.
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Peer Pressure
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Destructive peer suppor tin which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms.
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Deviancy Training
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Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last 2 weeks or more.
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Clinical Depression
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Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression.
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Rumination
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Thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones.
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Suicidal Ideation
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Several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period of time.
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Cluster Suicides
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Any potential lethal action against the self that does not result in death.
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Parasuicide
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Many adolescents experience sudden and extreme ________ that lead to powerful sadness or explosive anger.
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Many adolescents experience sudden and extreme (EMOTIONS) that lead to powerful sadness or explosive anger.
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For some teenagers, depression can lead to suicidal ________ and ___________ (especially for girls), to minor lawbreaking (for both sexes), and, less often, to completed suicide and arrests (especially for boys).
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For some teenagers, depression can lead to suicidal (IDEATION) and (PARASUICIDE) (especially for girls), to minor lawbreaking (for both sexes), and, less often, to completed suicide and arrests (especially for boys).
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____________ works best when it encourages healthy human relationships between the moody adolescent and constructive friends, family members, and other adults.
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(INTERVENTION) works best when it encourages healthy human relationships between the moody adolescent and constructive friends, family members, and other adults.
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__% of high school seniors drank alcohol (more than a few sips) at least once in their lives, __% tried smoking cigarettes, and __% tried marijuana; amphetamines and cocaine as well as other illicit drugs are at the bottom of the list.
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(72)% of high school seniors drank alcohol (more than a few sips) at least once in their lives, (46)% tried smoking cigarettes, and (42)% tried marijuana; amphetamines and cocaine as well as other illicit drugs are at the bottom of the list.
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The period between the ages of 18-25, which is now widely thought of as a separate developmental stage.
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Emerging Adulthood (aka Young Adulthood or Youth)
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Typical of millions of other contemporary young people aged 18-25, who, thanks to advances in 3 major realms – globalization, technology, and medicine – spurred the creation of a new stage of the life span: ________ _________.
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Typical of millions of other contemporary young people aged 18-25, who, thanks to advances in 3 major realms – globalization, technology, and medicine – spurred the creation of a new stage of the life span: (EMERGING ADULTHOOD).
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This new stage (emerging adulthood), also called young adulthood or youth, is distinguished by later ________ and __________ (5 or more years later than in 1950, on average), more education (most study past high school), financial dependence (many receive parental support), and vocational uncertainty (few have jobs they intend to keep until retirement). All this allows a new freedom, “a substantial amount of exploration and instability that are 2 of the defining characteristics of emerging adulthood.
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This new stage (emerging adulthood), also called young adulthood or youth, is distinguished by later (MARRIAGE) and (PARENTHOOD) (5 or more years later than in 1950, on average), more education (most study past high school), financial dependence (many receive parental support), and vocational uncertainty (few have jobs they intend to keep until retirement). All this allows a new freedom, “a substantial amount of exploration and instability that are 2 of the defining characteristics of emerging adulthood.
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Emerging adults are not necessarily promiscuous, with a different partner each night. Instead, most have one steady partner, then another, then another – a pattern called ______ ________. Contrary to the assumptions (and perhaps experiences) of the older generation, emerging-adult couples who are committed to each other have the most varied sex lives, as their intimacy and trust allow experimentation.
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Emerging adults are not necessarily promiscuous, with a different partner each night. Instead, most have one steady partner, then another, then another – a pattern called (SERIAL MONOGAMY). Contrary to the assumptions (and perhaps experiences) of the older generation, emerging-adult couples who are committed to each other have the most varied sex lives, as their intimacy and trust allow experimentation.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have probably existed since the beginning of humankind. Laboratory tests confirm a syphilis epidemic in London five centuries ago. Most experts believe that AIDS existed long before the 1st diagnosis was made. Until recently, most outbreaks of STIs were _________, not widespread.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have probably existed since the beginning of humankind. Laboratory tests confirm a syphilis epidemic in London five centuries ago. Most experts believe that AIDS existed long before the 1st diagnosis was made. Until recently, most outbreaks of STIs were (LOCALIZED), not widespread.
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Now half of all emerging adults in the US have had at least _ STI. Serial monogamy means that soon after one sexual relationship ends, another usually begins. Ideally, emerging adults would wait at least _ months between partners, in the meantime getting tested and treated for any STIs. Few of them do so, and the spread of STIs is one result.
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Now half of all emerging adults in the US have had at least (1) STI. Serial monogamy means that soon after one sexual relationship ends, another usually begins. Ideally, emerging adults would wait at least (6) months between partners, in the meantime getting tested and treated for any STIs. Few of them do so, and the spread of STIs is one result.
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_____________ promotes international employment for many young adults, and modern technology allows rapid travel. As an unintended consequence, HIV and other STIs can spread easily and rapidly anywhere in the world. In developing nations, increasing numbers of wives are being infected with HIV and other STIs by husbands who have extramarital sexual encounters while working far from home. It also affects sex workers, who now have patrons from many nations.
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(GLOBALIZATION) promotes international employment for many young adults, and modern technology allows rapid travel. As an unintended consequence, HIV and other STIs can spread easily and rapidly anywhere in the world. In developing nations, increasing numbers of wives are being infected with HIV and other STIs by husbands who have extramarital sexual encounters while working far from home. It also affects sex workers, who now have patrons from many nations.
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Young adults of both sexes are _______ (transmitters of disease) as well as _______. The consequences of the spread of STIs are felt by every generation (millions of children are being raised by grandparents because their parents have died of AIDS).
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Young adults of both sexes are (VECTORS) (transmitters of disease) as well as (VICTIMS). The consequences of the spread of STIs are felt by every generation (millions of children are being raised by grandparents because their parents have died of AIDS).
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To appreciate the interdependence of systems as well as the emerging adult’s resistance to disease, it is useful to understand homeostasis, which refers to the body’s natural __________ to any disruptions. Bodies are designed to stay healthy and balanced, maintaining equilibrium. The pituitary regulates homeostatic responses via shifts in hormone levels. Other body systems adjust as well. Homeostasis is quick and efficient during emerging adulthood, which is a major reason why young adults are less likely to be sick, fatigued, or obese than older adults.
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To appreciate the interdependence of systems as well as the emerging adult’s resistance to disease, it is useful to understand homeostasis, which refers to the body’s natural (ADJUSTMENT) to any disruptions. Bodies are designed to stay healthy and balanced, maintaining equilibrium. The pituitary regulates homeostatic responses via shifts in hormone levels. Other body systems adjust as well. Homeostasis is quick and efficient during emerging adulthood, which is a major reason why young adults are less likely to be sick, fatigued, or obese than older adults.
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All systems work at their peak in ________ _________, with rapid and dynamic adjustment to any stress. Young adults can run a marathon or skip sleep or catch the flu and bounce right back. The immune system itself is homeostatic, sometimes using fever, nausea, and lethargy to restore people to health, a process that occurs more quickly among young adults than among older ones.
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All systems work at their peak in (EMERGING ADULTHOOD), with rapid and dynamic adjustment to any stress. Young adults can run a marathon or skip sleep or catch the flu and bounce right back. The immune system itself is homeostatic, sometimes using fever, nausea, and lethargy to restore people to health, a process that occurs more quickly among young adults than among older ones.
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Obvious examples of ___________ occur when the weather changes. For instance, when temperatures rise, people sweat, move slowly, and want cold drinks – all of which help reduce their internal temperature. When temperatures fall, shivering flesh and chattering teeth increase internal body heat. Natural body heat varies with the individual, but emerging adults are generally warmer than older ones. (This explains why your mother may tell you to put on a sweater because she is cold or why one spouse wants more blankets on the bed than the other does.)
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Obvious examples of (HOMEOSTASIS) occur when the weather changes. For instance, when temperatures rise, people sweat, move slowly, and want cold drinks – all of which help reduce their internal temperature. When temperatures fall, shivering flesh and chattering teeth increase internal body heat. Natural body heat varies with the individual, but emerging adults are generally warmer than older ones. (This explains why your mother may tell you to put on a sweater because she is cold or why one spouse wants more blankets on the bed than the other does.)
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Homeostasis is what keeps each person’s body weight hovering around a certain set point, or settling point, by making the person eat when hungry and stop when full. The ___ _____ is affected by age, genes, diet, hormones, and exercise. Overeating or starvation disrupts homeostasis, but nature tries to keep every system balanced. As the body’s overall salt, glucose, water, fat, and acid levels fluctuate, complex interactions among many internal organs and systems continually return the body to equilibrium.
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Homeostasis is what keeps each person’s body weight hovering around a certain set point, or settling point, by making the person eat when hungry and stop when full. The (SET POINT) is affected by age, genes, diet, hormones, and exercise. Overeating or starvation disrupts homeostasis, but nature tries to keep every system balanced. As the body’s overall salt, glucose, water, fat, and acid levels fluctuate, complex interactions among many internal organs and systems continually return the body to equilibrium.
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Nutrition and exercise underlie health at every age. Emerging adults sometimes subvert their natural homeostasis because of their odd ______ ______. Here we emphasize only that eating and exercising are part of the natural balance of systems, affecting the entire body, not merely its size and shape.
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Nutrition and exercise underlie health at every age. Emerging adults sometimes subvert their natural homeostasis because of their odd (EATING HABITS). Here we emphasize only that eating and exercising are part of the natural balance of systems, affecting the entire body, not merely its size and shape.
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Homeostasis prevents young adults from realizing that they are aging or that they are harming themselves. For instance, unlike some older adult smokers, younger smokers do not cough after each cigarette. Because their lungs adjust readily to the smoke, they may be unaware that each cigarette increases their likelihood of eventually developing _________. Only when people stop using an addictive drug do their withdrawal symptoms (which become more prolonged with age) reveal past homeostasis.
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Homeostasis prevents young adults from realizing that they are aging or that they are harming themselves. For instance, unlike some older adult smokers, younger smokers do not cough after each cigarette. Because their lungs adjust readily to the smoke, they may be unaware that each cigarette increases their likelihood of eventually developing (EMPHYSEMA). Only when people stop using an addictive drug do their withdrawal symptoms (which become more prolonged with age) reveal past homeostasis.
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Occupations, recreational activities, or other ventures that involve a degree of risk or danger. The prospect of “living on the edge” makes this compelling to some individuals.
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Edgework
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Forms of recreation that include apparent risk of ingury or death and that are attractive and thrilling as a result.
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Extreme Sports
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An affinity for risk taking is characteristic of edgework – that is, occupations, recreational activities, or other ventures that involve living on the edge, managing ______ and ____. The joy is in the intense concentration and mastery that are required; edgework is more compelling if failure can mean disaster.
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An affinity for risk taking is characteristic of edgework – that is, occupations, recreational activities, or other ventures that involve living on the edge, managing (STRESS) and (FEAR). The joy is in the intense concentration and mastery that are required; edgework is more compelling if failure can mean disaster.
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Risky occupations (________) – from firefighting to bond trading, from becoming a soldier to becoming an artist – attract young adults. The dot-com start-up companies that were prevalent in the US in the early 1990s were staffed by young adults, who were less devastated than the older investors when many of those companies failed. The miners in South Africa tend to be under age 30. Bicycle messengers, who pedal furiously through congested urban areas to deliver documents, are almost always emerging adults. As one social scientist explains, “Their entire lives are wrapped inside a distance messenger lifestyle that cherishes thrills and threats of dodging cars as they speed through the city.”
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Risky occupations ([EDGEWORK]) – from firefighting to bond trading, from becoming a soldier to becoming an artist – attract young adults. The dot-com start-up companies that were prevalent in the US in the early 1990s were staffed by young adults, who were less devastated than the older investors when many of those companies failed. The miners in South Africa tend to be under age 30. Bicycle messengers, who pedal furiously through congested urban areas to deliver documents, are almost always emerging adults. As one social scientist explains, “Their entire lives are wrapped inside a distance messenger lifestyle that cherishes thrills and threats of dodging cars as they speed through the city.”
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The threat of death is part of the thrill of _______ ______, another area of edgework. For instance, freestyle motocross was “practically invented” in the mid-1990s by Brian Deegan and Mike Metzger when they were about 20 years old. Motocross involves riding motorcycles over barriers and off ramps, including a 50-foot-high leap into “big air.” As rider and cycle fall, points are gained by doing tricks, such as backward somersaults.
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The threat of death is part of the thrill of (EXTREME SPORTS), another area of edgework. For instance, freestyle motocross was “practically invented” in the mid-1990s by Brian Deegan and Mike Metzger when they were about 20 years old. Motocross involves riding motorcycles over barriers and off ramps, including a 50-foot-high leap into “big air.” As rider and cycle fall, points are gained by doing tricks, such as backward somersaults.
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The contestants and spectators for extreme sports are almost all under age 30. Such sports (from parachute jumping to pond swooping) depend on technology and income that are unavailable in developing regions. Automobiles are common everywhere, and many young-adult drivers use them for ________. Consequently, the automobile death rate is highest between ages 18-25 in every nation.
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The contestants and spectators for extreme sports are almost all under age 30. Such sports (from parachute jumping to pond swooping) depend on technology and income that are unavailable in developing regions. Automobiles are common everywhere, and many young-adult drivers use them for (EDGEWORK). Consequently, the automobile death rate is highest between ages 18-25 in every nation.
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Over the years of college, students gradually become less inclined to seek ________ truths from authorities and more inclined to draw their own conclusions.
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Over the years of college, students gradually become less inclined to seek (ABSOLUTE) truths from authorities and more inclined to draw their own conclusions.
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The personality patterns of adults of every age are affected by the norms of their culture and by their ______ _______. Emerging adults today are less anchored to their original families and neighborhoods than people of the same age in earlier generations; they make choices that are adventuresome breaks with their past, and they have not yet settled into a chosen family and lifestyle. It is thus not surprising that their personalities may change as a result.
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The personality patterns of adults of every age are affected by the norms of their culture and by their (SOCIAL CONTEXT). Emerging adults today are less anchored to their original families and neighborhoods than people of the same age in earlier generations; they make choices that are adventuresome breaks with their past, and they have not yet settled into a chosen family and lifestyle. It is thus not surprising that their personalities may change as a result.
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Psychological research on personality traits of twins from ages 17-24 finds both genetic continuity and developmental improvements. In one longitudinal study, those 17-year-olds who saw life in ________ terms maintained their outlook as time went on; those who were ________ were likely to shift toward less worried, less anxious personalities.
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Psychological research on personality traits of twins from ages 17-24 finds both genetic continuity and developmental improvements. In one longitudinal study, those 17-year-olds who saw life in (POSITIVE) terms maintained their outlook as time went on; those who were (NEGATIVE) were likely to shift toward less worried, less anxious personalities.
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Shifts (personality traits) toward positive development are also evident in another longitudinal study, which traced individuals who were extremely inhibited or aggressive at age 4. Those traits are definitely _______ and seem quite stable in primary school, but this study found changes taking place by emerging adulthood.
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Shifts (personality traits) toward positive development are also evident in another longitudinal study, which traced individuals who were extremely inhibited or aggressive at age 4. Those traits are definitely (GENETIC) and seem quite stable in primary school, but this study found changes taking place by emerging adulthood.
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The actual patterns of ______ (personality traits) were complex: Aggressiveness and inhibition do not disappear. To be specific, those who had been very aggressive had more conflicts with their parents and friends as emerging adults and were more likely to leave school and quit jobs. 2/3 of them left high school before graduation, compared with 1/3 of their nonaggressive peers. By age 23, half of them had been arrested at least once. All these tendencies might be expected of people who were unusually aggressive.
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The actual patterns of (CHANGE) (personality traits) were complex: Aggressiveness and inhibition do not disappear. To be specific, those who had been very aggressive had more conflicts with their parents and friends as emerging adults and were more likely to leave school and quit jobs. 2/3 of them left high school before graduation, compared with 1/3 of their nonaggressive peers. By age 23, half of them had been arrested at least once. All these tendencies might be expected of people who were unusually aggressive.
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Unexpectedly, these aggressive young adults had as many friends as their more temperate peers did, and they rated themselves as quite conscientious. Most of their arrests were for minor offenses. Only one had been imprisoned, and only one other had been arrested several times. Most of them wanted more education: They had left school earlier because they had been discouraged by having to repeat grades when they were young. Most of them seemed on course to become productive adults, modifying their aggressive traits and putting their childhood ________ behind them.
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Unexpectedly, these aggressive young adults had as many friends as their more temperate peers did, and they rated themselves as quite conscientious. Most of their arrests were for minor offenses. Only one had been imprisoned, and only one other had been arrested several times. Most of them wanted more education: They had left school earlier because they had been discouraged by having to repeat grades when they were young. Most of them seemed on course to become productive adults, modifying their aggressive traits and putting their childhood (PROBLEMS) behind them.
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As for the emerging adults who had been _________ as children, their prospects were excellent, as they were “cautious, reserved adults with few signs of internalizing problems.” Perhaps because of their personality, they were slower than the average young adult to secure a job, choose a career, or find a romantic partner (at age 23, 2/3 had no current partner).
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As for the emerging adults who had been (INHIBITED) as children, their prospects were excellent, as they were “cautious, reserved adults with few signs of internalizing problems.” Perhaps because of their personality, they were slower than the average young adult to secure a job, choose a career, or find a romantic partner (at age 23, 2/3 had no current partner).
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The inhibited participants were no more anxious or depressed than others of their cohort, and their ____-______ was equally good. They had many friends, whom they saw often. Their delayed employment and later marriage are increasingly typical for emerging adults, who like to keep their options open for a while before settling on one spouse, one career, and one lifestyle. In other words, the personality trait (shyness) that was considered to be handicapping in childhood had become an asset by about age 20.
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The inhibited participants were no more anxious or depressed than others of their cohort, and their (SELF-ESTEEM) was equally good. They had many friends, whom they saw often. Their delayed employment and later marriage are increasingly typical for emerging adults, who like to keep their options open for a while before settling on one spouse, one career, and one lifestyle. In other words, the personality trait (shyness) that was considered to be handicapping in childhood had become an asset by about age 20.
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In this and other research, __________ is evident. Personality is not fixed by age 5, or 15, or 20, as it was once thought to be. Emerging adults are open to new experiences (a reflection of their adventuresome spirit), and this receptiveness allows personality shifts. The trend is toward less depression and more joy, along with more insight into the self.
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In this and other research, (PLASTICITY) is evident. Personality is not fixed by age 5, or 15, or 20, as it was once thought to be. Emerging adults are open to new experiences (a reflection of their adventuresome spirit), and this receptiveness allows personality shifts. The trend is toward less depression and more joy, along with more insight into the self.
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Going to college, leaving home, becoming independent, stopping drug abuse, moving to a new city, finding satisfying work and performing it well, making new friends – all these have the potential to change the life course. This does not mean that total change is possible: Some childhood experiences, genetic predispositions, and family burdens affect people ________. New experiences do not always result in desirable changes. But personality shifts are possible, especially during emerging adulthood.
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Going to college, leaving home, becoming independent, stopping drug abuse, moving to a new city, finding satisfying work and performing it well, making new friends – all these have the potential to change the life course. This does not mean that total change is possible: Some childhood experiences, genetic predispositions, and family burdens affect people (LIFELONG). New experiences do not always result in desirable changes. But personality shifts are possible, especially during emerging adulthood.
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Love is not a ______ emotion, not something universally recognized as the glue that holds a relationship together. In a classic analysis, Robert Sternberg (1988b) described 3 distinct aspects of love – passion, intimacy, and commitment. Sternberg believes that the relative presence or absence of these three components gives rise to seven different forms of love.
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Love is not a (SIMPLE) emotion, not something universally recognized as the glue that holds a relationship together. In a classic analysis, Robert Sternberg (1988b) described 3 distinct aspects of love – passion, intimacy, and commitment. Sternberg believes that the relative presence or absence of these three components gives rise to seven different forms of love.
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Early in a relationships, _______ is evident in “falling in love,” an intense physical, cognitive, and emotional onslaught characterized by excitement, ecstasy, and euphoria. The entire body and mind, hormones and neurons, are activated.
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Early in a relationships, (PASSION) is evident in “falling in love,” an intense physical, cognitive, and emotional onslaught characterized by excitement, ecstasy, and euphoria. The entire body and mind, hormones and neurons, are activated.
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_______ has been the dominant aspect of love for young adults in recent years, displayed in film and poetry. There is some evidence that passion is fueled by novelty. Siblings rarely are attracted to each other sexually; they know each other too well. In India, future brides who have lived in the groom’s household since they were children have fewer offspring than do those who 1st met their future spouse after puberty.
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(PASSION) has been the dominant aspect of love for young adults in recent years, displayed in film and poetry. There is some evidence that passion is fueled by novelty. Siblings rarely are attracted to each other sexually; they know each other too well. In India, future brides who have lived in the groom’s household since they were children have fewer offspring than do those who 1st met their future spouse after puberty.
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________ is knowing someone well, sharing secrets as well as sex. This phase of a relationship is reciprocal, with each partner gradually revealing more of himself or herself.
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(INTIMACY) is knowing someone well, sharing secrets as well as sex. This phase of a relationship is reciprocal, with each partner gradually revealing more of himself or herself.
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__________ takes time. It grows gradually through decisions to be together, mutual caregiving, kept secrets, shared possessions, and forgiveness. Maintaining a committed relationship over the years takes dedication and work.
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(COMMITMENT) takes time. It grows gradually through decisions to be together, mutual caregiving, kept secrets, shared possessions, and forgiveness. Maintaining a committed relationship over the years takes dedication and work.
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Commitment is affected by the ______ _______. One intriguing study in Sweden suggests that couples living in detached houses (with yards between them) break up more often than couples in attached dwellings (such as apartments). Perhaps “single-family housing might have deleterious effects on couple stability due to the isolating lack of social support for couples staying together.” In other words, suburban couples may be too far from their neighbors to be helped by them when conflicts arise.
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Commitment is affected by the (SOCIAL CONTEXT). One intriguing study in Sweden suggests that couples living in detached houses (with yards between them) break up more often than couples in attached dwellings (such as apartments). Perhaps “single-family housing might have deleterious effects on couple stability due to the isolating lack of social support for couples staying together.” In other words, suburban couples may be too far from their neighbors to be helped by them when conflicts arise.
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For both men and women, children add stress but also make separation less likely. Social forces also affect __________; in-laws may either strengthen or weaken a couple’s long-term relationship. Jokes about in-laws often have the ring of truth.
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For both men and women, children add stress but also make separation less likely. Social forces also affect (COMMITMENT); in-laws may either strengthen or weaken a couple’s long-term relationship. Jokes about in-laws often have the ring of truth.
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The power of the social context helps to explain why few arranged marriages end, even when the couple moves to another nation where divorce is easy. Arranged marriages begin with commitment; intimacy and passion may follow. Families “make great efforts…to keep the couple together,” providing practical support (such as child care), emotional encouragement, and conflict resolution. Domestic violence may occur in ________ marriages (as well as in ____ marriages), but often a bride’s father or brother will intervene if her husband is too demanding.
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The power of the social context helps to explain why few arranged marriages end, even when the couple moves to another nation where divorce is easy. Arranged marriages begin with commitment; intimacy and passion may follow. Families “make great efforts…to keep the couple together,” providing practical support (such as child care), emotional encouragement, and conflict resolution. Domestic violence may occur in (ARRANGED) marriages (as well as in (LOVE) marriages), but often a bride’s father or brother will intervene if her husband is too demanding.
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The western ideal of __________ love is characterized by all 3 components: passion, intimacy, and commitment. This ideal combines “the view of love promulgated in the movies… [and the] more prosaic conceptions of love rooted in daily and long-lived experience.” For developmental reasons, this ideal is difficult to achieve. Passion seems to be sparked by unfamiliarity, uncertainty, and risk, all of which are diminished by the growing familiarity and security that contribute to intimacy as well as by the time needed to demonstrate commitment.
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The western ideal of (CONSUMMATE) love is characterized by all 3 components: passion, intimacy, and commitment. This ideal combines “the view of love promulgated in the movies… [and the] more prosaic conceptions of love rooted in daily and long-lived experience.” For developmental reasons, this ideal is difficult to achieve. Passion seems to be sparked by unfamiliarity, uncertainty, and risk, all of which are diminished by the growing familiarity and security that contribute to intimacy as well as by the time needed to demonstrate commitment.
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With time, passion may fade, intimacy may grow, and commitment may develop. This pattern occurs for all types of couples – married, unmarried, and remarried; heterosexual and homosexual; young and old. The divorce rate _________ with every year of marriage.
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With time, passion may fade, intimacy may grow, and commitment may develop. This pattern occurs for all types of couples – married, unmarried, and remarried; heterosexual and homosexual; young and old. The divorce rate (DECREASES) with every year of marriage.
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Most young adults in the US, England, and northern Europe _______ (live with someone not related, typically a romantic partner) rather than marry before age 25. Such couples may share expenses and routines as well as a bed, although they often shy away from a joint blank account and long-term commitment. The Add Health study found that about 60% of their sample had cohabited by age 24.
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Most young adults in the US, England, and northern Europe (COHABIT) (live with someone not related, typically a romantic partner) rather than marry before age 25. Such couples may share expenses and routines as well as a bed, although they often shy away from a joint blank account and long-term commitment. The Add Health study found that about 60% of their sample had cohabited by age 24.
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Contrary to widespread belief, ____________ does not preclude the problems that may arise after a wedding. In fact, the opposite is more likely. Domestic violence and excessive drinking are more likely to occur among young adults who cohabit than among those who marry, and married couples are more likely to divorce if they have lived together before marriage. Ending a cohabiting relationship is stressful in much the same way the divorce is, although typically the stress of divorce is more intense and long-lasting.
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Contrary to widespread belief, (COHABITATION) does not preclude the problems that may arise after a wedding. In fact, the opposite is more likely. Domestic violence and excessive drinking are more likely to occur among young adults who cohabit than among those who marry, and married couples are more likely to divorce if they have lived together before marriage. Ending a cohabiting relationship is stressful in much the same way the divorce is, although typically the stress of divorce is more intense and long-lasting.
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It seems that ____________ solves some problems for emerging adults, but it does not remedy a major developmental difficulty of our era – divorce. Divorce is common and difficult, not only for the partners but also for their families – their parents as well as their children. Developmentalists are working to understand these consequences in the hope of helping to alleviate them.
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It seems that (COHABITATION) solves some problems for emerging adults, but it does not remedy a major developmental difficulty of our era – divorce. Divorce is common and difficult, not only for the partners but also for their families – their parents as well as their children. Developmentalists are working to understand these consequences in the hope of helping to alleviate them.
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