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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What percentage of the U.S population at some point in life reports symptoms that match the defining features of a major psychiatric disorder?
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1/3
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Are psychiatric disorders more prevalent in men or women?
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Same
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What is the peak age for depression and antisocial personality disorder?
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25- 44
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What is the peak age of disorders of cognitive impairment?
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> 65
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In a given year what percentage of the adult population experiences psychiatric symptoms?
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19%
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Delusions
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False beliefs strongly held despite contrary evidence
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What sexually transmitted disease can cause symptoms resembling schizophrenia?
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Syphilitic Psychosis
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Schizophrenia
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A severe psychopathologycharacterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal, impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
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What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?
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1-2% approximately 2.2 million americans
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Dissociative Thinking
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A condition seen in Schizophrenia that is characterized by disturbances of thought and difficulty relating events properly.
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Dementia Praecox refers to what aspect of Schizophrenia?
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"Praecox" means early, "de" means to move away from and "mentia" means the mind. Refers to Schizophrenia's early onset.
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What are the characteristic 3 symptoms of Schizophrenia?
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1. Auditory Hallucinations
2. Highly personalized delusions 3. Changes in affect |
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What are the 2 major divisions of Schizophrenic symptoms?
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Positive symptoms and Negative symptoms, which may respond differently to drug treatments suggesting that they arise from different neural abnormalities.
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Positive Symptoms
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Abnormal behavioral states that have been gained
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Negative Symptoms
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Abnormality resulting from a loss of normal functions
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What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Hallucinations and delusions.
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The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be the result of what?
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Hyperactivity in the neural circuits
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Why may the positive symptoms of schizophrenia typically develop in late adolescence?
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Late adolescence is when the prefrontal cortex finishes developing.
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What 3 first rank symptoms distinguish schizophrenia from other disorders?
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1. Auditory Hallucinations
2. Highly personalized delusions 3. Changes in affect |
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Do positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia appear first?
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Negative symptoms, although they are more subtle.
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Do more treatments for Schizophrenia typically treat negative or positive symptoms?
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Positive Symptoms, because they are more visible.
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What are the typical negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
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Flat affect
Alogia Social withdrawal Anhedonia Catatonia Reduced motivation |
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The negative symptoms of Schizophrenia are thought to be the result of what?
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Hypofrontality, meaning decreased functionality in the prefrontal cortex.
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Eugen Bleuler classified the key symptom of Schizophrenia as what?
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Dissociative thinking
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Schizophrenia inheritance likely involves (a) ______ gene(s).
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Multiple Genes
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1.___ % of monozygotic twins are concordant for schizophrenia. 2.____% of dizygotic twins are concordant for schizophrenia. The 3._______ rate of concordance in monozygotic twins is evidence that schizophrenia is 3.____________ (heritable/ not heritable).
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1. 50%
2. 17% 3. Higher 4. Heritable |
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In twins disconcordant for Schizophrenia, the Schizophrenic twin typically shows what early behavioral and physical differences from their non-schizophrenic twin?
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Lower birth weight
Increased physiological distress Submissive Tearful Sensitive Vulnerable |
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Schizophrenics have what type of measurable motor impairment?
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Saccades, Inability to use normal smooth movements of their eyes to follow a moving target.
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What are the potential non-genetic causes of Schizophrenia?
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1. Environment
2. Drug Abuse (Amphetamines) 3. Viruses 4. Brain Damage 5. Childhood Trauma 6. Birth Trauma |
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What does the animal model of amphetamine use demonstrate about Schizophrenia?
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Amphetamine use in animal models induced pacing which is a positive symptom of Schizophrenia.
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Genes influencing Schizophrenia are scattered across 1.___ of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes.
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1. 15
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Which genes have been identified as abnormal in a substantial number of people with Schizophrenia?
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1. Neuregulin 1 (regulates NMDA, GABA and ACh receptors).
2. Dysbindin (presynaptic plasticity) 3. Catechol-O- methyltransferase (metabolize DA) and G72 (glutaminergic activity) |
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Why is paternal age thought to be a risk factor for Schizophrenia?
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Because their sperm is older and therefore the product of more cellular divisions than younger men which increases the chances of mutation.
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What ventricular abnormalities are sometimes found in Schizophrenics?
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Enlarged cerebral ventricles particularly the lateral ventricles which remains after initial onset.
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The extent of the enlargement of the lateral ventricles in a Schizophrenic predicts what?
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Responsiveness to antipsychotic drugs.
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What limbic system abnormalities may be present in Schizophrenics and what symptoms may the abnormalities cause?
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Reduced size and function of the Hippocampus, Amygdala, Parahippocampal regions, Cingulate Gyrus. Responsible for flattened affect.
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What may cause ventricular enlargement in Schizophrenics?
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Atrophy of the Hippocampus and Amygdala which make up the walls of some areas of the cerebral ventricles. Some of this may occur prenatally.
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What differences in brain activation are evident on an EEG between controls and Schizophrenics?
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Schizophrenics have a reduced activation of the P300 wave which is implicated in information processing.
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Which area of the brain contains disorganized cells in Schizophrenics?
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The hippocampal pyramidal cells in chronic Schizophrenics show a characteristic disorganization occurring in-utero from the abnormal synaptic arrangements of the inputs and outputs of these cells.
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What is a possible root cause of brain disorganization in Schizophrenics?
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Maternal exposure to influenza in the second trimester.
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