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294 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
opioid drugs all belong to the class known as __
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narcotic analgesics
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reduce all sensations by depressing the central nervous system and produce unconsciousness
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anesthetics
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opium is an extract of the __
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poppy plant
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created by an english physician thomas sydenham, included "2 ounces of strianed opoium"used for teething pain and restlessness in infancts
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laudanum
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required physicians to report their prescriptions for opoiods; limited prescripitons to medical use making it illegal to provide opioids for addicted individuals or recreational use
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the Harrison Narcotics Act (1914)
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the principal ingredient in opium was called __
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morphine
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why was german chemist Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner's method of extracting morphine crystals from the milky juice of teh poppy seed capsule important to psychopharmacology
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it was the first time the active ingredient of any medicinal plant was ioslated
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the naturally occurring opiate __ is identical in structure to morphine except for the substitution of of a methoxy for a hydroxyl group. This small molecular difference produces a drug that has less analgesic effect and fewer side efects than morphine but is still a potent cough suppressant
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codeine
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invented by the Bayer Company to be more effective in relieving pain without the danger of addiction
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heroin
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__ is 2-4x more potenet than morpine beause when injected, it travels faster due to a change in the molecule that makes he drug more lipid soluble and allows it to get into the brain much more quickly
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heroin
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when taken orally, morphine and heroin have __
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equal potency
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some modifications to morphines molecular structure produces __ which are drugs that bind readily to the receptors but produce less biological effect
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partial agonists
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when administered alone, partial opioid agonists produce __
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partial opioid effects
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when given along iwth an opioid that has a higher effectiveness, partial opioid antagonists __
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compete for the receptor and subsequently reduce the action of the more effective drug
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kinds of drugs that have structures similar to those of the opiates but produce no pharmacological activiy of their own
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pure antagonists
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two kinds of pure opioid antagonists
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naloxone and nalorphine
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can prevent or reverse the effect of administered opiods because tf their ability to occupy opioid receptor sites
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opioid receptor antagonists
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when morphoine is administered for medical purposes, it is usually __ or __
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injected intramuscularly, given orally
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methods of administration for opioids in recreational users (4)
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smoking, snorting, subcutaneous skin popping, injections
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__ easily passes through the placental barrier
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opioids
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At __ doses of opioids, pain is relieved, repirationis somewhat depressed, and pupils are contricted
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low to moderate doses (5-10 mg)
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opiods have thier most important effects on teh __ and __ systems
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central nervous, gastrointestinal
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because opioids have actions in teh __, some researchers suggest that the drugs relieve "psychological pain" including anxity, feelings of inadequacy, and hostility, which may lead to increased drug use
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limbic system
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morphines affect on teh chemical trigger zone (__) in teh brainstem elicits nausea and vomiting
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area postrema
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__ is the ultimate cuase of death in an opioid overdose
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respiratory failure
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opiods are still one of the most imporatnt lifesaving drugs because of its ability to __
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cause constipation and stop fluid loss assocaited with diarrhea
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opioid receptors were labled via __
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radioactive ligands
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four opiod receptor subtypes
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mu, delta, kappa, and NOP-R
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the __ receptor has a high affinity for morpihine and related opiod drugs, have a wide distirbution in the brain and spinal cord, and play a rol ein morphine induced analgesia and positive reinforcement
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mu
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A type of opioid receptor primarily in the forebrain that may help regulate olfaction, motor integration, reinforcement, and cognitive function.
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delta receptors
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An opioid receptor located in the striatum, amygdala, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland that may help regulate pain, perception, gut motility, dysphoria, water balance, hunger, temperature, and neuroendocrine function.
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kappa
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opioid receptor that is widely distibuted, plas a role in analgeisa, feeding learing, motor function, and neuroendocrine regulation
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NOP-R
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opioid receptors mediate __ responses
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metabotropic
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group of endogenous opioid peptides in teh brain that stimulate mu and elta opioid receptors, reducing pain and enhancing ones general mood
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endorphins
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one of the four large opioid propeptide precursors that are broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (DYNORPHINS) in the barin
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prodynorphin
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one of the four large opioid propeptide precursors that are broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (ENKEPHALINS) in teh brain
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proenkephalin
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one of the four large opioid propeptide precursors that are broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (NOCICEPTIN, ORPHANIN FQ) in teh brain
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pronociceptin/orphanin FQ
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one of the four large opioid propeptide precursors that are broken down by proteases to form smaller active opioids (ENDORPHINS) in teh brain
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pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
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a group of endogenous opiod peptides in the CNS that selectively bind to the mu opioid receptor and eliminate pain; are as potent as morphine in reducing pain
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endomorphins
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mapping of the pathways utilizing the endogenous opioids was achieved by __ to visualize propetide mRNA, and __ to localize the propetide itself
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in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry
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__ receptor signaling in particulaur seems to modify the preference or liking of some foods over others
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mu
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the overall effects of the neuropeptides on nerve cell function include the __ and subsequent __ and __
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reduction of membrane excitability, slowing of cell firing, inhibition of neurotransmitter release
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three principal ways that neuropeptides reduce synaptic transmission:
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1. postynaptic inhibition; 2. axoaxonic inhibition; 3. presynaptic autoreceptors
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networks of free nerve endings that are sensitive to intense presure, extreme temperature including heat and cold, eletrical impulses, cuts, chemical irritants, and inflammation
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nociceptors
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early pain signals go to primary and secondary __
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somatosensory
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the __ and other limbic areas are especially activated by late pain information
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anterior cingulte cortex
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represents the immediate sensory component of pain and signals the onset of a noxious stimulus and its precise location to cause immediate withdrawl and escape from the damaging stimulus
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first (early) pain
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kind of pain that has a strong emotional component, that is, the unpleasantness of the sensation
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second (late) pain
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adaptation occurs more slowly to the __ component of pain so it attracts our attention in prolonged fashion to motivate behaviors that limit further damage and aid recovery
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secondary
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__ is less localized and is moften acompanied by autonomic responses such as sweating, fallin BP, or nausea
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late pain
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__ pain is temporally related to activation of the primary somatosensory cortex
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first
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__ pain is strongly associated with the anterior cingulate activation
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second
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3 ways in which opioids regulate pain
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1. within the spinal cord by small inhibitory interneurons 2. two significant descending pathways originating in the periaqueductal gray 3. at many higher brain sites, explains teh effects on emotional and hormonal aspects of the pain response
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two ways in which opioids reduce the transmission of pain signals at the spinal cord
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1. small inhibitory spinal interneurons release endorphins that inhibit the activation of the spinal projection neruons
2. endorphins either directly inhibit the projecting neuron, the excitiatory neuron, or excite the inhibitory opioid neuron |
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bundles of nerve fibers originating at higher brain regions that influence lower brain or spinal cord function. one arises from the PAG in teh midbrain and inluences pain signals carried by the spinal cord neurons
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descending modulatory pathways
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the most important descending pathways begin in teh __
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PAG
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a brain area rich in endogenous opioid peptides and high concentrations of opioid receptors particularly mu and kappa
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PAG
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treatment of chronic pain in human patients with electrical stimulation of the __
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PAG
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acupuncture reases __ that have widespread effects in teh brain and gastrointestinal system
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endogenous opioids
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pain is the emotional component carried by __ fibers and transmitted to the thalamus with collaterals to limbic areas including the anterior cingulate
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C
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a gene therapy clinical tria showed that the gene coding for __ carried by an HSV viral vecotr reduced pain in patients with cancer with minimal side effects
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proenkephalin
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the fact that morphine and othe ropioids lower the __ for self-stimulation indicates that the drugs enhance the brain reward system
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electrical current theshold
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the endogenous opioid __ is self administered, which storngly suggests that it mediats opioid reinforcement
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Beta-endorphin
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two methods used to identify teh neurobiology of opioid reinforcement
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1. self admininstration of opioid ligands microinjected into discrete brain areas is evaluated. 2. selective lesions identify brain areas and neurotransmitter pathways that eliminate opioid induced reinforcement
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__ studies from many laboratories demonstrate the contribution of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway to opioid reinforcement
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microinjection
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tolerance to the analgesic effect of opoioids is __, but the consitpaitng effects and pinopoint pupils __
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rapid, occurs even after prolonged use
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__ has a cross tolerance with heroin
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codeine
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selective agonists for a receptor reduce the effectivenss of the __
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same kind of receptor
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most tolerance to opioids is baed on __
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changes in nerve cells that compensate for the presence of chronic opoioids (pharmacodynamic tolerance
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in some circumstances, repeated exposure to poioids causes the __ of a drug to increase via sensitization
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cracing
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since opoioids in general depress CNS function, we consider opoioid withdrawlal wot be __
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rebound hyperactivity
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the five factors affecting howl ong withdrawal symptoms last
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drugs used, dosage, freuquency, duratinof drug use, health and personality of the addict
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the longer the duration of action of the opoioid, the more __
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prolonged is the abstinence syndrome
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the point at which abstinence signs end
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detoxification
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the __ and __ are particularly senstivie to opioid antagonists in terms of precipitating the physiological aspects of withdrawal.
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locus coeruleus and the PAG
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the __ may be important in teh aversive stimulus effects or motivational aspect of opoid withdrawal
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NAcc
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a semisynthetic opioid that works in a manner similar to morphine
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oxycontin
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the fact that oxycontin __ encourages teh injectin of the drug which increases the subjective effects but also increases the dangers of overdose and medical prolems associated with needle use
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readily dissolves in water
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__ is a slow release oxycodone that is surrounded by a hard gelatin capsule that prevents tampering or the removal of teh drug with a needle
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remoxy
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an immediate-release oxycodone that also contains niacin that produces flushing and otehr unpleasant effects if the durg is taken in higher that prescribed doeses. it comes as a gel to prevent use by inhalation
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acurox with niacin
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himmelsbachs theroitical model of tolerance and withdrawal staes that the nervous system __ so tolerance devleops but if the drug is suddenly withdrawn, the __
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adapts to teh disturbing presensce of a drug, the adaptive mechanism continues to function causeing a rebound in phyiological effects
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a perosn who can inject any substance and achieve some measure of the "high" associated with drug taking
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needle freak
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environmental cues acting as secondary reinforcers, may act as __ that promote drug taking becasue they remind the individual of how the drug feels
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primers
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often referred to as going "cold turkey"
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unassisted detoxification
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opoioid detoxification may be assisted by teh administration of a long acting opioid drug like __ which reduces symptoms to a comfortable level
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methadone
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an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist that stimulate autoreceptors and inhibits noradrenergic cell firing. it is used to reduce symptoms of opioid withdrawal after methadone
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clonidine
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__ can be used for opoioid treatement when pharmacological intervnetion is unaviavlable
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electroacupuncture
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the most commonly used treatement method for heroin addiction is the __
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methadone maintenance program
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one major risk of methadone treatment for opioid abuse is __
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accidental overdose
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five reasons that methadone was chosen for use in opioid drug treatment programs for several reasons
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1. cross-dependence with morphine/heroin prevents withdrawal associated with drug abuse
2. cross tolerance from repeated methadone use reduces eupohric effects of heroin 3. due to oral administration, little to no euphoria is felt but is fully effective in relieving craving for opioids 4. methadone is relatively long acting 5. methadone is considered medically safe even with longterm use |
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an opioid agonist-antagonist used in opioid treatment programs that may be substituted for methadone and yields similar treatment results
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buprenorphine (Buprenex)
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buprenorphine can also be taken __ to further reduce its potential for IV use
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sublingually
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the most commonly used narcotic antagonists because it has a longer durationof axion than naloxone and is effictive when taken orally
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naltrexone (trexan)
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a newer pure opioid antagonists that is similar to naltrexone but more potent and longer lasting
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Nalmefene (Revex)
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a method that is effective for highly motivated, have strong family support, and are involved in carrers
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narcotic antagonists
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__ are being thought of as a treatment option for opooids by creating antibodies that would bind to drugs and prevent them from entering teh brain
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vaccines
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most often, opioid addicts benefit from a __ that includes a combination of detoxification, pharmacological support, and group or individual counseling
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multidimensional aproach
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opioid drugs inhibit __ cells, increasing mesolimbic cell firing and DA release in the NAcc.
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inhibitory GABA
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a model of the physiological mechanism for tolerance and dependence of opioidsis the compensatory response of cells in teh locus coeruleus to teh acute inhibition of __
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adenylyl cyclase
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Condition characterized by unpleasant symptoms when an individual tries to cease drug use.
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abstinence syndrome
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Condition in which a drug user undergoing detoxification does not show signs of the abstinence syndrome.
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detoxified
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Treatment that involves a combination of methods to prevent drug abuse relapse, including detoxification, pharmacological support, and counseling.
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multidimensional approach
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Class of drugs originally derived from the opium poppy that reduce pain but do not cause unconsciousness. They create a feeling of relaxation and sleep in an individual, but in high doses can cause coma or death.
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narcotic analgesics
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Nerve cells with short axons within the spinal cord.
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spinal interneurons
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Process used to introduce genetic material into a cell by injecting it with a DNA sequence coding for the desired protein product.
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transfection
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term that referes to the marked sensorimotor activation that occurs in response to drug administration
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psychomotor stimulants
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an alkaloid found in teh leaves of the shrub erythroxylon coca
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cocaine
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one of the biggest supporters of the use of cocaine
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sigmund freud
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what were the two successful waves of increasing cocaine use in teh US?
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1. cuased by snorting or IV
2. most recent driven by crack cocaine |
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in teh __ cocaine use by snorting or IV injection increased
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cocaine
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__ synthetic cocaine like drugs have been synthesized
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2
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the cocaine alkaloid is extracted from coca leaves and tehn converted to a __ and crystallized
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hydochloride salt (HCL)
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__ is lipophilic (fat soluble) so it crosses the BBB faster, especially when smoked
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cocaine
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people take cocaine and depressants to __
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"take the edge off"
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high concentrations of cocaine inhibit __
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voltage gated Na+ channels in axons
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in animal models, low doses of cocaine result in increased __, __, and __
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locomotion, rearing, adn mild sniffing behavior
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in humans, the preference to cocaine depends on the __ __, and__
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type of user, dose, and value of the alternative reinforcer
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cocaine is __, it produces symptoms of sympathetic nervous activation
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sympathomimetic
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__ plays the most important role in mediating behavioral responses to cocaine and amphetamine
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dopamine
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neurochemical mechanisms of cocaine action have been studed using genetic __
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knockout mice
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the nucleus accumbens DA pathway has also been implicated in cocaine reward using paradigms that test for __ as a model of relapse
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drugs seeking behavior
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intensity of a cocaine "high" depends on the amount of __, __, and __
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DAT occupancy, rate of DATE occupancy, and baseline level of DA activity in the mesolimbic pathways
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there are __ different receptor subtypes of cocaine
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5
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passing teh __ prohibited the inclusino of cocaine in teh over teh counter medicines
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1914 harrison narcotic act
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WIN 35,428 is a synthetic cocaine structure with a __ attached, RTI-55 has a __
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F, I
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one disadvantage to cocaine HCL is its __
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vulerabilty to heat
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refres to smoking cocaine that was obtained by dissolving coacine HCL in water, adding an alkaline solution like ammonia, and extracting the resulting cocaine base with an organic solvent like ether
|
freebasing
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chunks of dried, hardened mixutre of cocaine HCL and backing soda, named for the popping sounds produced when the chunks are heated
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crack
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__ is the quickest route of administration for cocaine
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intravenous
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in a heavy cocaine user, the major metabolite __ can be detected in teh urine for several days following the last dose
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benzoylecgonine
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when taken together, cocaine and alcohol produce a unique metabolite called __
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cocaethylene
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cocaethylene has a __ than cocaine
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longer half life
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based on in vitro studies using rat brain tissue, cocaine binds most strongly (with highest affinity) to the __ transporter, followed by teh __ transporter, and tehn teh __ transporter
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5-HT, DA, NE
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when cocaine is applied locally to a tissues it acts as a local __ by preventing tarnmisson of nerve signals along sensory nerves
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anesthetic
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two synthetic local anesthetics that are widely used in medical and dental pracice procaine __ and lidocaine __
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novocain, xylocaine
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mood amplification; euphoria and dysphoria, heightneed energy, sleep disturbance, insomnia, motor excitement, restlessness, talkativenss, pressure of speech, hyperactive ideation, increased sexual interest, anger, verbal agression, mild to moderate anorexia, and inflated self esteem are __ effects of cocaine use
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mild to moderate
|
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irritabilty, hositility, anxiety, fear, withdrawal, extremem energy or exhaustion, total insomnia, compulsive motor stereotypes, rambling incoherent speech, disjoiunted flight of ideas, decreased sexual interest, possible extereme violence, total anorxia, and dlusion of grandiosity are __ effects of cocaien use
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severe
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when cocaine is taken by __, there is often a rush decribed by some users as invloving a sense of great pleasure and power and by others as an intense orgasm
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IV
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as cocaine dose increases, __, repetitive seemingly aimless behaviors performed in a relatively invariant manner are observed in rats
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focused sterotypies
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seizures, heart failure, stroke, and intracraninal hemorrhage are all potential adverse consequences of heavy __ use
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cocaine
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using different testing paradigms, __, __, and __ DA receptors have all been shown to play various roels in mediateing the behavioral and possibly also teh subjective efects of cocaine exposure
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D1, D2, D3
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People usuall begin taking cocaine via teh __ route
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intranasal (snorting)
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initial cocaine use __ leads to subsequent abuse or dependence
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does not
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episodic bouts of repeated use of cocaine lasting form hours to days with little or no sleep
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cocaine binges
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the three stages of cocaine abstinence syndrome are __
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crash, withdrawal, and extinction
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during teh __ period of cocaine absience syndrome, the user feels exhausted and suffere form a dperessed mood
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crash
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during teh __ period of cocaine absience syndrome, some of the important symptoms including anhedonia anergia, anxiety, and a growing craving for cocaine that increases teh risk of relapse occurs
|
withdrawal
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during teh __ period of cocaine absience syndrome, where symptoms subside
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extinction phase
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time dependent increase in cocaine craving and drug seeking behavior during abstinence
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incubation
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two phases of cocaine sensitization
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induction, expression
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the process in which sensitization is established
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induction
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the process by which teh sensitized response is manifested
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expression
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__ of other substances seem to be an important rsik factor for the initiation of cocaine use
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early use
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cocaine craving and relapse to cocaine use increase over time following withdrawla, wich has been called __
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incubation of cocaine craving
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neuroimaging studies have found that cocaine dependent subjects show abnormal prefontal cortical functioning that cocaine related cues elicit DA release in teh __
|
dorsal striatum
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animal models have supported the hypothesis that both __ and __ are traits that contribute to the development of compulsive cocaine use
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sensation seeking, impulsivity
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changes in drug responsiveness depend on teh patter of __, the __, and teh __
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drug exposure, outcome measure, time since teh last dose
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|
animal studies have implicated increased dopaminergic activity in teh __ and increased __ release as being important for locomotor sensitization to pschostimulants
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VTA, nucleus accumbens DA
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a stimulant that is currently approved for the treatment oaf narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea but now is used for cocaine treatment.
|
modafinil
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__, which for years has been marketed s antabuse for teratment of alcohol is used to curb alcohol and cocaine use
|
disulfiram
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counselling programs that invlve educating the user, promooting behavioral change and alleviating problems caused by drug use
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psychosocial treatment programs
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treatment program for durg abusers that teaches an individual how to avoid and cope with high risk situations
|
relapse prevention therapy
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type of addiction treatement program in which the clients drug taking is monitored by regular urine testing and abstinence is reinforced with vouchers redeemable locally for consumer products or services
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contingency management program
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chronic exposure to psychostimulants can lead to __
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tolerance
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three different behavioral and psychosocial therapy options for cocaine addiction
|
psychosocial treatment programs, relapse prevention therapy, contingency management programs
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|
the primary active ingredient in khat, anevergreen shrub native to east africa and the arabian peninula
|
cathinone
|
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an amphetamine like compound which comes from the herb ephedra vulgaris
|
ephedrine
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ephedrine unfortunately sharply elevates __
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blood pressure
|
|
amphetamine in tablet form was first marketed in 1935 as a treatment for a sleep disorder called __
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narcolepsy
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|
amphetamine is typcially taken either __ or by __ or __
|
orally, IV, subcutaneous injection
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|
common name for methamphetamine hydrochloride in a crystalline form pariculary suitable for smoking
|
crystal meth, ice
|
|
some amphetamine or methamphetamine userse called speed freaks, go on __ of repeated IV injections to experience recurrent highs
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binges
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during a meth run, the drug is typically injected approximately every __ hours for a period as long as __ days
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2, 3-6
|
|
meth users on after a run may take __ or other depressant drugs to take the edge off or to assist in sleeping following a run
|
barbiturates
|
|
combining IV meth with heroin
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speedball
|
|
amphetamine and methamphetamine are metabolized by teh __ although at a __ rate
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liver, slow
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|
amphetamines and methamphetaimens have long __
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halflives
|
|
amphetamine and methamphetamine are indrect agonists of teh __
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catecholaminergic systems
|
|
meth blocks __ reuptake and release __ from nerve terminals
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catecholamine, catecholamiens
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meth causes a reduction in __
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sleep time (especially REM)
|
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teh induction fo the neuropeptide CART is responsible for meths __ effects
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appetite supressing effects
|
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the most important clinical use fo psychostimulants is in the treatment of a developmental disorder known as __
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ADHD
|
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some research shows that __ are more likely to use meth and are more likely to become dependent on the drug
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females
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|
hallucinations of a parasitic skin infestation for cocaine or meth only occurs after __
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chronic use
|
|
__ produces damage to serotonergic fibers in parts of the brain including teh neocortex, hippocampus, and striatum
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meth
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|
meth causes premature __
|
aging
|
|
mephedrone is most commonly taken by __
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snorting
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|
a cathinone derivative commonly called bath salts or plant food that is increasing as a substitute for meth
|
maphedrone
|
|
amphetamine use peaked in the __
|
1970's
|
|
__ and __ are used to treat ADHD
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amphetamine, methylphenidate
|
|
a chinese medicine used to treat asthma, form of amphetamine
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mahuang
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amphetamines were used to keep soildiers __
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awake
|
|
meth can be taken __, __ ,__, or __
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orally, norted, injected IV, smoked
|
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in the US, __ is the most widely used amphetamine
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meth
|
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__ causes damage to DA axons and terminals
|
methamphetamine
|
|
used to treat craving and seizure during withdrawal from amphetamines
|
topriamate
|
|
a non-amphetamine stiulant that improtves cognitive functinoing
|
modafinil
|
|
an antidepressent used to medicate meth adicts
|
welburtin
|
|
the most effective treatment for meth addicts is __
|
cognitive and behavioral interventions
|
|
two cateogries of hallucinogenic drugs
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hallucinogenic (hallucination producing), psychedelic (mind opening)
|
|
hallucinogenic drugs have __ abuse and dependence potential
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low
|
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Hallucinogens are __ reinforcers in animals
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not effective
|
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hallucinogenic drugs have __ tolerance with repeated use
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rapid
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hallucinogenic drugs are all schedule __ drugs
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1
|
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level 1 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __
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mild "stoned" effect, some visual distrubances
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|
level 2 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __
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bright colors/visuals, abstract thought
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|
level 2 of teh psychodelic experience is found at __
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low doeses of LSD or regular dose of mushrooms
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|
level 3 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __
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very intense visuals, even with eyes closed (kaleidoscopic images, time disortion), synethesia
|
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teh crossing over of sensations (hearing colors)
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synehesia
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|
level 4 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __
|
really strong hallucinations (may be interactive), loss of reality (mystical exerpience)
|
|
level 5 of the psychodelic experience is defined as __
|
total loss of visual connection and self identity
|
|
the level of psychedelic experience where teh spirituality is felt
|
level 5
|
|
level 5 of the psychedelic expereince is common at doeses of __
|
DMT, strong doses of mushrooms
|
|
derived from teh peyote cactus
|
mescaline
|
|
when the peyote cactus tips are cut off and dried
|
peyote buttons
|
|
the band "the doors" is in refrence to a bood by aluxhuxley called teh doors of perception about the effects of __
|
mescaline (peyote)
|
|
derived from a varieyt of psychedelic mushrooms
|
psilocybin
|
|
the dose needed for psychedelic mushrooms is __ dependent
|
species
|
|
psilocybin can be eaten __
|
raw or put into food
|
|
once psilocybin is ingested, it is enzymatically converted to __, the psychoactive ingredient in psilocybin
|
psilocin
|
|
also called dimethyltryptamine
|
DMT
|
|
DMT is often brewed in conjunction with __
|
another plant
|
|
found in trace quantities in humans and animals in CSF during near death experiences that may be responsible to the bright lights
|
DMT
|
|
LSD is completely a __ drug
|
synthetic
|
|
invented by a biochemist during research of a fungus that cuased gangrene and psychodelic effects
|
LSD
|
|
__ was once used as a respiratory and circulatory stimulant and used to study schizophrenia
|
LSD
|
|
type of LSD psychotherapy: used in europe, low dose of LSD that is increased to try to open repressed memories
|
psycholitic
|
|
type of LSD psychotherapy: used in the UK and US, started with single, very high dose of LSD to induce spiritual experience to use as a way to get insight into the self
|
psychedelic
|
|
was tried as a control for alcoholism, psychedelic therapy, and a psycholitic therapy
|
LSD
|
|
LSD is __ active
|
orally
|
|
__ was used as a weapon by teh CIA
|
LSD
|
|
commonly called Salvia, a part of the mint family. can be chewed, smoked, or ingested via the sublingual
|
salvinorin A
|
|
Salvinorin A is sublingually absorbed in the __
|
mucosa
|
|
two most important hallucinogens (in order)
|
LSD, psilocybin
|
|
__, __, and __ hallucinogenics are usually administered orally
|
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline
|
|
__ and __ hallucinogenics are usually smoked
|
DMT and Salvinorin A
|
|
__ and __ of teh hallucinogenics are usually very short acting and the effects go away in an hour
|
DMT and Salvinorin A
|
|
the four phases of the psychological and phsiological responses to hallucinogentics
|
1. beings betwen 30-90 min 2. plateau for next 2 hours (more visual distortions) 3. peak (2-3 hours) dissociative feelings (loss of self identity occur) 4. come down is ~2 hours after peak
|
|
associated with mystical spiritual holisitc experiences (good trips)
|
oceanic boundlessness
|
|
assocaited with negative responses to hallucinogenics (bad trips)
|
ego disintegration anxiety
|
|
the illusions and hallucinations brought on by hallucinogens
|
visual restructuralizaiton
|
|
hallucinogens cause __ nervous system activation
|
sympathetic
|
|
diziness and nausea are hallucinogenic symptoms associated with __
|
mushrooms
|
|
molecules similar in structure to serotonin
|
indolamines
|
|
molecules similar in structure to catecholamines
|
phenethylamine
|
|
DMT, LSD, and psilocybin are __
|
indolamines
|
|
Mescaline is a __, similar to __
|
phenethylamine, NE
|
|
LSD has high binding to __ receptors
|
serotonin
|
|
the most important receptor subtypes for hallucinogens are __
|
seratonin 2A and 2C
|
|
the serotonin receptor subtype __ is escpecially crtical for hallucinatinos
|
2A
|
|
2 neural mechanisms of hallucinogenic drugs
|
direct stimulation of pyramidal cells in cortical layer V, indirect activation of deep cortical layers (thalamus) by brainstem neurons
|
|
cause acute anxiety or panic reactions induced by hallucinogenics, can be so sever hospitalization is needed
|
bad trips
|
|
the kind of trip you have with psychedelic drugs depends on teh __
|
emotinal state going in and dosage
|
|
re-experiencing one or more of the perceptual symtpoms following use fo a hallucinogen
|
flashbacks
|
|
continued flashbacks well after the administration of a hallucinogen, may be brought on by use of other psychoactive drugs (marijuana)
|
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
|
|
what drug has been used to treat PTSD?
|
MDMA (exstacy)
|
|
salvinorin A is not absorbed via __
|
the GI tract
|
|
the hallucinogen that is not widely used due to hgih costs of production
|
mescaline
|
|
ego distintegration is most often associated with which aspect of teh psychedelic experience?
|
anxiety
|
|
mescaline is similar in structure to ___
|
NE
|
|
what is the primary effect of hallucinogens?
|
perceptual distortions
|
|
PCP was invented in teh 1950's as a potnetial __
|
anesthetic agent
|
|
patients with PCP are unresponsive to __
|
noxious stimului
|
|
PCP has a __ theraputic index
|
high
|
|
Postoperative side effects __ are:
o Blurred vision o Dizziness o Mild disorientation o Hallucinations o Agitation o violence |
PCP
|
|
PCP is a schedule __ drug
|
I
|
|
used in animal research for schizophrenia
|
PCP
|
|
ketamine is a schedule __ drug
|
III
|
|
__ is widely used for pediatric surgeries for its general sedating property
|
ketamine
|
|
PCP is usually taken either __, __, or __
|
orally, intranasal, injection
|
|
ketamine is usually taken either __, __, or __
|
snorted, pill form, injections
|
|
__ dose ketamine produces
o Loss of mental contact with environement o Catatonia o Near death experience |
Anesthetic (higher)
|
|
__ and __ dose ketamine
o Detachment, vertigo, floating, affective reactions, conigitve disorganization o Similar to schizophrenia o Effects usually unpleasant to subjects |
PCP and low
|
|
PCP and ketamine are __ noncompetitive agonists
|
NMDA
|
|
effect of PCP and ketamine that cause cognitive deficits, possibily dissociateve effects
|
cortex, hippocampus blockade
|
|
PCP and ketamine cause increased __ release
|
presynaptic glutamate
|
|
PCP and ketamine cause increased __ in the anterior cingulate cortex, associated with psychotic symptoms
|
DA
|
|
animals will self administer more __ than __ (hallucinogentics
|
ketmamine, PCP
|
|
__ and __ increase dopaminergic cell firing and DA release
|
PCP and ketamine
|
|
PCP is __ used as ketamine
|
not as freuquently
|
|
causes urological damage, bizarre, violent patters, injuries sustained while intoxicated, rhabdomylesis, hyperthermia, seizures, and psychosis
|
PCP
|
|
PCP and ketamine cause __ and __ matter abnormalities
|
gray, white
|
|
PCP and ketamine used cause __, the programmed death of cells
|
apoptosis
|
|
what is not an effect following administration of PCP?
|
respiratory failure
|
|
catatonia is a state of __
|
motor immobility
|
|
dessociative hallcinogens can cause all of the following:
|
sensory distoriton, feelings of detchment, hallucinations
|
|
the molecular mechanisms of PCP and ketamine involve increased __ via non-NMDA receptors
|
glutamate
|
|
compared to traditional hallucinogens such as LSD, PCP and ketamine cuase more __
|
reinforcement
|
|
adverse effects of ketamine include (3)
|
bladder pain, memory deficits, brian changes
|
|
ketamine has been suggested in the treatments of __ and __
|
depression, pain control
|
|
Withdrawal signs occurring in a dependent individual can be terminated by administering drugs in the same class.
|
cross dependence
|
|
Drug-like effects caused by stress or drug-conditioned stimuli that reinstate drug use after abstinence.
|
primers
|
|
An unusual type of anesthetic state characterized by environmental detachment. It is produced by certain noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists such as ketamine and PCP.
|
dissociative anesthesia
|
|
Substance that alters perceptions, state of mind or awareness.
|
psychedelic
|