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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two phases of gait?
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Swing
Stance |
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What is termed as the cycle from contact of the left foot to the contact of the right foot?
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Step
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What is termed as the cycle from contact of the left foot to the contact of the left foot again?
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Stride
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What are the phases of stance?
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Heel Strike
Foot Flat Midstance Heel Off Toe Off |
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What are the phases of stance according to Rancho Los Amigos?
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Initial Contact
Loading Response Midstance Terminal Stance Pre-swing |
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Pre-swing is synonymous with ________.
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Toe off
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How do you measure the foot angle during gait?
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From the center of the heel to the mid-line of the second toe, and parallel with the line of ambulation
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How do you measure stance width?
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From the center of one heel, to the center of the other heel
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What phase of gait is this?
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Heel Strike or Initial Contact
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What phase of gait is this?
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Foot Fat or Loading Response
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What phase of gait is this?
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Midstance
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What phase of gait is this?
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Heel off or Terminal stance
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What phase of gait is this?
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Toe off or Pre-swing
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What are the components of the swing phase?
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Acceleration or Initial Swing
Mid Swing Deceleration or Terminal Swing |
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What percent of the gait cycle does early swing occur at?
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60-70%
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What percent of the gait cycle does mid-swing occur at?
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75-85%
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What percent of the gait cycle does late swing occur at?
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85-100%
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What is the vertical displacement during gait?
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2 inches
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When does lateral pelvic tilt occur?
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At preswing as weight is taken off the leg at toe off.
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What motions occur in the saggital plane during gait?
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Hip: 25 deg flex to 10 deg hyper ext.
Knee: Ext 20 deg, flex-ext-flex to 70 deg Ankle: Dorsiflex-plantarflex 10 deg- dorsiflex-plantarflex to 20 deg dorsiflex to clear ground Pelvis- Anterior tilt with hip ext UE- flex with opposite hip |
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What motions occur in the frontal plane during gait?
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Hip/pelvis drop: ab/adduction
Knee: 2-10 deg adduction Ankle: Eversion with initial contact, relative supination/inversion toward late stance |
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What motions occur in the transverse plane during gait?
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Pelvis: rotation with hip flexion
Femur: medial rotation from initial contact to mid stance, later rotation afterwards Knee: During stance- driven by ankle: IR with pronation, ER with supination |
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What is the trunk motion during gait?
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Slight lean toward side of stance, trunk rotation opposite pelvis, slight forward lean during double support, more erect during single leg support.
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What are the general activation patterns of muscles during gait?
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Generally eccentric followed by concentric firing
Often co-contractions for control/stability Often motion occurs after peak muscle activation ceases: functional implications? |
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Label the ground reaction forces for the directions A, B, and C
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What are signs of gluteus maximus gait?
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Posterior Lurch
As the heel strikes the ground, the patient has to control trunk flexion This is accomplished by the patient leaning posteriorly |
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What are signs of gluteus medius gait?
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Lateral lurch
As the heel strikes the ground, the patient has to control pelvic adduction This is accomplished by the patient leaning laterally The listing occurs toward the muscle weakness |
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What muscles are weak during genu recurvatum?
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Quads
Hams Gluts |
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What muscles are defective in foot drop gait?
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Dorsiflexors
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What are signs of hip flexor contracture gait?
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The involved hip is unable to go into hip extension and hyperextension
This is seen during mid-stance and terminal stance Patient presents with a forward trunk lean |
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What are signs of knee flexion contracture gait?
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Excessive dorsiflexion is seen at midstance
Shortened step length |
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What are signs of vaulting gait?
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The patient rises up on the toes of one leg to allow the other leg to swing through
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What are signs of circumducted gait?
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The leg will start at midline at push off and then swings out to the other side during swing phase returning to midline at heel strike
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What are signs of abducted gait?
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When the leg remains in an abducted gait throughout the entire gait cycles
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What are signs of hemiplegic gait?
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Hip in extension, adduction, IR.
Knee in extension Ankle is PF and IV UE in flexor synergy No arm swing Step length long on involved side Step length short on uninvolved side |
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What are signs of ataxic gait?
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Decreased coordination
Jerky movements Wide BOS present due to decreased balance |
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What is referred to as festigating gait?
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Parkinsons gait
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What are signs of parkinsons gait?
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Decreased movement
LE and trunk flexion Elbows flexed Minimal to absent arm swing Decreased stride length, festinating gait Starts slow and then increases |
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What are severe signs of leg length discrepancy gait?
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> 5 inches
Drop pelvis Walk on ball of foot Knee flexion on uninvolved side |
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What are moderate signs of leg length discrepancy gait?
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3-5 inches
Patient walks on the ball of the involved side |
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What are minimal signs of leg length discrepancy gait?
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Drop the pelvis on affected side
Can correct with heel lift Approx 1/4 inch |
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What is painful gait?
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Antalgic gait
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What gait pattern is this?
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Parkinsons
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What gait pattern is this?
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Hemiplegic
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What gait pattern is this?
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Vaulting gait
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What gait pattern is this?
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Hip Flexor Contracture
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What gait pattern is this?
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Drop Foot
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What gait pattern is this?
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Genu Recurvatum
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What gait pattern is this?
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Gluteus Medius gait
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What gait pattern is this?
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Gluteus Maximus gait
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What kind of joint is the TMJ?
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Synovial
Hinge-like Planar/Ovoid |
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What are the bones that comprise the TMJ?
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Mandible
Temporal |
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What motions occur at the TMJ?
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Depression
Elevation Lateral Deviation Protrusion Retrusion |
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How many joint cavities does the TMJ have? Where?
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2
Superior and Inferior |
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What separates the superior and inferior joint cavities?
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A biconcave fibrocartilage disc sometimes called a meniscus
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What are the osteokinematics of the TMJ?
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Depression: 35-55 mm (only need 35)
Protrusion: 6-8 mm Lateral Deviation: Approx. 10 mm to either side |
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What are the arthrokinematics of the TMJ?
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Translation- occurs in superior portion of the joint
Roll- occurs in the inferior portion of the joint Protrusion- Anterior/inferior glide Lateral deviation- axis on ipsilateral side, protrusion on opposite side |
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What is the closed pack position of the TMJ?
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Teeth tightly clenched
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What is the open pack position of the TMJ?
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Mouth slightly open with lips together, teeth not in contact
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What motion is associated with forward head posture?
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Posterior tension: retrusion
Increased Compression |
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What are the muscles of mastication?
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Masseter
Temporalis Lateral Pterygoid Medial Pterygoid |
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What are the accessory muscles of the TMJ?
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Buccinator
Tongue Suprahyoid Muscles |
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Which muscles work to depress the jaw?
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Suprahyoid
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Which structure is critical for resonance, pronunciation, food placement, and swallowing?
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Tongue
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What intervention can facilitate symmetric opening of the mouth?
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Tip of tongue to roof of mouth
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