Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Purpose of health care policy |
Cover as many as possible Control costs |
|
How much more does the US spend than the OECD average? |
2.5 times that of the average |
|
Relationship between US spending and life expectancy in US |
Most spending yet average life expectancy
|
|
What age bracket spends the most money in terms of healthcare? |
65+ |
|
Medicare |
1965 as part of Social Security Expansion, finances through payroll taxes |
|
Supplemental Medical Insurance |
Individual/payroll |
|
Medicaid |
For poor and needy |
|
SCHIP |
Incomes below 200% of poverty |
|
What is the cause of the healthcare policy outcome |
Market structure Policy ideas Interest group strategies Public views Structure of national political institutions Decisions taken at critical junctions |
|
Economic Outcome Explanation of Healthcare Policy |
Similar tech and economic levels produce similar health care policies |
|
Cultural Explanation of Healthcare Policy |
Ideological beliefs shared by public |
|
Interest group (Rational choice/pluralism) explanation of healthcare policy |
Health policies reflect interest group competition Conflict between buyers (public) and sellers (doctors) of medical services |
|
Administrative Capacity Explanation of Healthcare Policy |
Centralized, professional bureaucracy |
|
Federalism explanation of healthcare policy |
Third party viability at subnational unit level Ability of federal govt to equalize finances across subnational units |
|
Government structure explanation of healthcare policy |
Fragmentation--veto points |
|
Timing explanation of healthcare policy |
Expansion of medical services |
|
Opportunities to change explanations of healthcare policy |
Critical junctures-> decisions -> future decisions Examples 1930's Depression, 1970's economic retrenchment, 2008 Great Recession |
|
US Healthcare System |
Private insured, employer provided State pays for most expensive (old, infirm) through SS and Welfare Tax and labor policies targeting employed, middle class |
|
The setting of Healthcare policy |
Federalism Two party system Multiple veto points Disaggregated labor market for medical professionals |
|
Timing and sequence of healthcare policy |
Medical profession takes off in 1920s, created incentive to make more $ AMA lobbies congress & state legislatures to defeat "Bolshevik, German" universal healthcare system advocated by American Assoc. of Labor Legislation Fees skyrocketed New Deal legislation did not include medical provision due to alliance b/w AMA & conservative, Anti-FDR conservatives 1942 War Labor Board allowed firms to offer healthcare as fringe benefit, creating a "private welfare state" Post-war, a time when UK was created NHS, Truman and unions could not overcome AMA, conservatives 1965 Democratic landslide, defeat of blue dogs allowed LBJ to create medicare Nixon proposes plan similar to Obamacare, economic downturn and increasing fragmentation in congress defeats proposal Health Management Organizations designed to control costs for employers Clinton's Failure |
|
Possible solutions for healthcare |
British system- Universal Canadian System-Single payer Modified American system-Obamacare
|
|
Obamacare |
Individual mandate Employer mandate (over 50 employed) Medicaid expansion (133% of poverty) Health Insurance changes Tax on capital investment of 3.8% over $200k single and $250k married |
|
Obstacles to Obamacare |
IRS enforcement (challenged) Employer participation State participation in exchanges Conflict over standards Medicaid cost sharing Medical loss ratio: Health care insurance companies limited to 15% of revenue on administrative services |
|
Types of Economic Policy |
Fiscal and Monetary |
|
Fiscal policy |
Decisions about taxing, spending, deficit (congress)
|
|
Monetary policy |
Decisions about the money supply and the interest rate (Fed 1913) |
|
Goals of economic policy |
Economic growth Increased standard of living Full employment Stable prices Manageable inflation |
|
Measuring impact of economic policy |
GDP Inflation rate Unemployment |
|
Political economy perspectives |
Classical liberalism Keynesianism |
|
Classical Liberalism |
Deregulation Privatization |
|
Keynesianism |
aggregate demand is influenced by a host of economic decisions-both public and private-and sometimes behaves erratically Changes in aggregate demand, whether anticipated or unanticipated, have their greatest short-run effect on real output and employment, not on prices prices, and esp. wages, respond slowly to changes in supply and demand, resulting in periodic shortages and surpluses, esp. of labor the typical level of unemployment is ideal b/c unemployment is subject to the caprice of aggregate demand, and b/c they believe prices adjust gradually |
|
Supply side economics |
Supply creates its own demand facilitated by low taxes (esp capital gains), lax regulatory environment, and laissez-faire |
|
Who makes economic policy? |
Federal Reserve
|
|
Federal Reserve |
Created in 1913 as Independent Central Bank with no more than 12 district banks Charged with promoting "max employment, stable prices, moderate long-term interest rates" Focused primarily on monetary policy (how much is in circulation) Controls money supply through the interest rate (discount rate) it charges on the lending out the "reserve ratio" Banks are required to maintain a certain liquidity ratio |
|
USD comprises what percentage of world currency reserves |
60% |
|
US Foreign Debt |
Grown with demand for safe harbor for surplus capital during financial crisis. |
|
Fixing the Recession |
Wall Street Bailout (emergency economic stabilization act) Maiden Lane I LLC ($30 bil to JP Morgan Chase to finance purchase of Bear Stearns) Maiden Lane II LLC and Maiden Lane III LLC ($53 bil) of AIG buyout (paid back) Troubled Asset Recovery Program (Direct investment of $700 bil in troubled banks; $418 spent; $405B recovered) GM/Chrysler Purchase ($50B/$80B overall; roughly 60% stake; sold in 2013) saved 1.2 mil jobs American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ($831 Bil) 400 to indiv>$75k; $800 to couples > $150K |
|
Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 |
Financial Stability Oversight Council and Office of Financial Research manage and response to market risk and promote market discipline Sec treasury, Fed chair, Comptroller of Currency, Director of Consumer Financial Protections, US SEC chair, FDIC chair.... Broad powers to regulate, demand info and audit large >$50 bil corp Report to congress Create safe harbor rules, financial reg. through recommendation to appropriate agency |
|
Victimless crime |
Participation by both parties is victimless |
|
Hate crimes |
bias motivated conduct, not the expression of bias or hatred |
|
Why did crime rates decrease? |
Crackdowns, aggressive policing, community policing, longer prison sentences, etc. Determination on the rationality of crime depends on the causes of crime |
|
Strain theory cause of crime |
Straining conditions or events make people feel bad, create pressure for corrective action. Leads to delinquency when punishment is low and rewards are high. Others prevent you from achieving your goals Others take things you value or present you with negative or noxious stimuli |
|
Social learning theory cause of crime |
People learn to engage in crime primarily through association with other people. Reinforced for crime, learn beliefs that prefer crime and exposed to criminal models and view as acceptable/desirable. Youth learn to engage same way as conforming to other behavioral norms
|
|
Primary mechanisms of Social learning theory cause of crime |
Differential reinforcement (bad behavior rewarded) Beliefs (most criminals don't approve of crime however soft victimless crimes are usually approved and justified) Modeling |
|
Control theory cause of crime |
Crime is a normal behavior. People have goals and use crime to achieve. People do not engage in crime because of lack of controls or barriers to crime
|
|
Mechanisms of control theory cause of crime |
Direct control: setting rules/monitoring behavior/ sanctioning crime Indirect control: Internal Control, stake in conformity |
|
Labeling theory cause of crime |
People labeled social deviant younger or criminals eventually act to label |
|
Social disorganization cause of crime |
Crime is more likely in communities that are economically deprived, large in size, high in multi-unit housing, high in residential mobility and high in family disruption |
|
What should be the means to continue success (criminal justice)? |
Deterrence: Credibility of threat, short time horizon, high cost Justice Incapacitation Rehabilitation |
|
Policing Function in Crime |
Enforce laws Keep peace Furnish services
|
|
Policing Strategies |
Patrol Community policing Broken windows Data-led strategies: Hot Spot policing, information policing, predictive policing |
|
Current Issues/Options in Drug War |
Interdiction, international attack on suppliers and shipments Domestic law enforcement Treatment Prevention |
|
Welfare as Entitlements |
Entitlement spending: benefits for which Congress has set eligibility criteria Supplemental security income (blind/disabled) Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (dependent children) Social Security: Age 66 |
|
Goals of entitlement spending |
Concept of social insurance-Safety net to protect people from poverty Bring people up out of poverty |
|
Poverty |
Threshold originally developed by Mollie Orshansky of SSA in 1963. Used cheapest food Because food = 1/3 budget, mult. amount times 3 to get poverty multiplier |
|
Problems with definition: too few poor |
Official income includes social security and welfare payments increasing number of poor to 20% pop Doesn't count near poor, 20% who live under 125% threshold Doesn't accoun standard of living diff. areas Doesn't count what people think they need Doesn't consider value of assets Counts students deferring current earnings for potential Many people underreport Doesn't count non cash benefits for poor (food stamps...) Could be as low as 8% pop |
|
Who is likely to be poor? |
under 18 single female-headed household, black, younger, temporarily poor |
|
Human capital theory cause of poverty |
low productivity leads to poverty |
|
Other causes of poverty |
Culture of poverty Breakdown of basic family unity |
|
Policies to combat poverty- Prevention |
Social Security Act of 1935 (New Deal) based on idea of social insurance working like private insurance, concept of pooled risk Entitement based on age Old Age Survivor's and Disability insurance |
|
How are Social Security and Medicare paid for? |
Trust fund, pay as you go |
|
How to fix issues with welfare |
Raise retirement age Reduce cost oc living adjustements for retirees (don't buy autos, houses, school...) Private social security accounts |
|
Policies tested to combat poverty |
Medicaid SCHIP Supplemental Security Income Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (Food stamps) Temporary Assist. for Needy Families TANF 1996 replaced AFDC, 5 yr rule, can't be used for adults after 2 years Earned income tax credit |