Pysch

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Non-testable assertions that fall outside the realm science

- god , the soul, afterlife

AWARE- awareness during resuscitation study

A set of claims that seem scientific but aren't lacks the safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance

OFFER CONTROL OVER UNCONTROLLABLE WORLD

Magnet therapy -

Airborne

Is the tendency to make connections among unrelated or random phenomenons

Exaggerated claims

Over reliance on anecdotes

Absence/connectivity to other research

Lackof peer review

Lack of self correction

Meaningless "psychobabble" jargon

Emotional reasoning fallacy – using emotions rather than evidence as the guide

Bandwagon fallacy – lots of people believe it so it must be true

Not me fallacy – other people may have those biases but not me

– Opportunity cost

-Direct harm

-inability to think scientifically

School-intervention programs

Developmental -Study why and how people change over time example in children

Clinical -work with people have mental disorders a.k.a. PhD etc.

Experimental -you sophisticated research to study memory, language, and thinking of humans

Biopsych-physiological basis of behavior, research settings

Counseling -people with self contained problems

Forensic - assess diagnosed in assist with rehabilitation and treatment of prison inmates, conduct research on eyewitnesses or Jury

Nature – nurture - are our behaviors atrributable from our genes or environment

Free will- determinism - to what extent are our behaviors for the selected rather they controlled by factors outside of our control

Basic research – examines how the mind works

Applied research – examines how are use basic research to solve real-world problems

William James (18 42–19 10) founder of American psychology describe psych as nasty little subject

The scientific study of our mind brain and behavior

Clinical, developmental, biological, and social

- must look at all levels cause each tells us something different

- human behavior is difficult to predict- actions are multiplied determined and no single variable explanations

-psychology influences are really independent of each other

-people display individual differences in thinking, emotion, and personality

-behavior is shaped by culture

-people influence one another

The believe that we see the world precisely as it is actually in the truth

An explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

Ex. Children learn in observations

It's a specific prediction based on the theory which can then be tested

- violent video games effect kids

An approach to evidence designed to keep us from fooling ourselves

- it is not a body of knowledge

- science begins with empiricism

The knowledge derived from senseexperience

Tendancy to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and neglect our diacritics contradicting evidence

shows us that even intelligent and well educated people can be fooled by pseduoscience claims

-Biklen(1990), thought autism wwas a motor disorder- thought facilitaed communication was treatment for austism

= why reserach desgin is so imporatn

watching behavior in real-world settings

- video camera, digital record , or penicl &paper

-high extrenal validity and low internal validity

- the observer is just the observer and does not manipulate the environement

extent to which we can genralize our findings to the real world

extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences

a research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth , often over an extended period of time

- very rich in details

- providing existence of proofs

- only one or few cases

- relied heavily to draw conclusions

resrach dsign that examiens the extent to which two variables are associated/related

- postive, negatives, 0 means no relationship

- unles correlation is perfet there will always be exeptions to the general trend

- depicted on a scatterplot( each dot represents a single person's data)

CORRELATION CANT DETERIME CAUSATION

one variable goes up so dows the other

one goes down the other goes down

(SAME DIRECTION0

as one variable goes up the other goes down

(OPPOSITES)

perception of statisctal association where none exists (eg. crime and full moon or arthirsits pain and weather)

allows for cuase and effect infrences= experiments :

- experimental group, contorl group, independent and dependet variable

randomly sorting participants into 2 groups

recives the manipulation/treatment

does not recieve the manipulation/treatment

experimenter manipulates ( ritalin drug)

experimenter meansures to see wheter manipulation had an effect

- ritalin and concentration/memory- SAT

-placebo effect, experimenter bias effect, demand characteristics

improvment resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

- subjects must be blind( unaware of the group they are in)

- placebos( sugar pills) have same characteristiscs as real drug

phenomena in which reserachers' hypotheses lead them unintentionally bias a study's outcome

neither reserachers nor subjects know who is in the experimental or control group

cues that particpants pick up from a study that allow them to genreate guesses regaurding the reserchers hypothesis

- participates may alter their behavior

- combat: reasreahcers will include distractor tasks or filler items

ensures every perosn in a populatoin has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

- sample should be representative of the population one is studying

consistency of measturemnt

- test-retest reliability( IQ, SAT)

- interrater realiablity( 2 or more raters agree)

correlation does not equal correlation

extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure

but a reliable test can still be invalid

any difference between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable

- if theres some other differnece than THERES NO WAY OF KNOWING IF YOUR INDEPENDET VARIABLE HAD AN EFFECT ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

-ex. ritalin/concentaration study- study groups , tutoring, medications

questionaries assessing a variety of characterics about the individual ( eg. interst and traits)

measure opinions and attitudes

-easy to adminster

- direct self assment( no second hand info)

-accurasy is skewed

- assume that respondents posses enough insight of their own personaility (ex. narssitic)

-potential of dishonesty

tedancies of resrach subjects to distory their responses to appear more positive

ex. ethical issues in reserach

syphillis - never informed or treated the men

-today there are ethical guidelines

informed consent- required to inform reaserach partipants of what is invole in study before they participate

- justification of deception- participates cant be told true purpose of study

the application of math used in describing and analyzing data

1. descriptive statistics

2. inferential stats

decribes dta

- summarize a large amount of data

- measures of central tendancy: mean( average), median( middle), mode(most frequent)

- dispersion- how data is scattered( how loose or tight scores are)

- range( high -low)

- standard devation- how far each data is from teh mean (BEST MEASURE OF DISPERSION)

- mathematical methods that allow us to determine wheter we can geralize findings from our sample to the popluation

- allows us to make infrences or conclusion about teh data we collected

- there will be a "real" differnce

study of the brain and behavior

(nerve cells)- the brain contains approx. 100 billion

made up of:

- the cell body- makes protein, replenishes molecules vital to cell function, keeps sell alive

- dendrites

- synapse

-axon- tube like, carry electircal message sending portion of a neuron

-neurotrasmiters

tree like branches that recieve messages from the neurons

space between neurons

the chemical messengers that neruons use to commuicate with each other

- neurons do not touch

- dopamine, norepinephrine, serotin

experince of pleasure and motor function

brain arousal and other functions like mood, hugner, and sleep

mood and termparture regulation, aggressionand sleep cycles

make more neutrosansmiiters more avaible in teh synaptic gap

ability of the nervous system to change

-greatest during early devleopment

- does not fully devleop till late adolecence

- brain is changable

- what fires together gets wired together

- creation of new neurons in teh adult brain

-hope that by finding wasy to activate, scientist amy be able to induce the adult nervous system to heal itself

- sensory information comes into and descisoin to act go away from

- brain and spinal chord

1.Frontal lobe

2.parietal lobe

3. temporal lobe

4. occipital lobe- vision

- motor cortex- sends signals to muscles

- prefontal cortex- exectuve funtions, thinking planing, language

- brocas area/aphasia- problems with speech

ex. phibeas gage

problems with speech but can understand

thinking, planning, language

perception of space, object shape and orentation, action of others and numbers.

- vision, touch, and moror information

GPS

- somatosensory cortex- pressure, temperature pain

hearing language comprehension and autobiogrpahical memories

- auditory cortex

-wernicke's area- problems with understand speech , meangless words

emotional center of the brain

- blood pressure, heart, endoctrine syste

- infomration about our internal state. experince, expression, and regualtion of emotion

sensory gateway to the cerebral cortex

part of the brain responsible for maintaing a cosntant interal state

- regulating hunger, thirst, temperature, sexual motivation

part of the limbic system that plays key roles in fear excitment and arousal

- ex. seeing fear in someones face alerts us somethings wrong

mid brain- movement

cerebellum, pons, and medulla

- oldest part of brain