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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endocrine system |
-collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexualfunction, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things. |
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Nervous system |
made up of neurons, axon, then another neuron with dendrites.
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· Synapse |
-separation from neuron 1 to neuron 2 -Gives control to the chemicals that we send. |
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gland |
- Anything that sends out messages into the endocrine system - Sends out hormone to target cells/non-target cells. -All glands have blood vessels coming from them so that the hormones that they release can get into the bloodstream fast. -hormones circulate through your body, only binding to the cells that have the right receptor proteins that fit them. |
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Where can you find glands? |
brain (pituitary) throat (thyroid) kidney (adrenal) stomach (pancreas) baby making (gonads) |
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hormone |
-diffuse and spread throughout your body into cells or not -Steroids are derived from cholesterol and there's a bunch of different types of them. -There are peptides, which are just chains of amino acids and monoamines, which are based on a single amino acid. -peptide & amino hormones are water soluble and don't dissolve in lipids. -steroids are lipid soluble, so they're able to penetrate the membrane and bind with the receptors and the cell's nucleus. |
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adrenaline is in what system? |
endocrine system |
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water soluble hormone (epinephrine or adrenaline) |
-Dock with protein on surface of cell, then set up a transduction path way -Action inside the nucleus to make specific genes, or proteins or transcribe certain genes. |
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Lipid solublehormone (testosterone) |
Move all the way into the cells |
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Thyroid gland |
-secreted hormone from the anterior pituitary -regulates matabolism, appetite, muscle function, blood pressure, heart rate, etc. -secretes thyroid hormone which boosts metabolism -increase in metabolism tells the pituitary to stop sending out TSH |
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hypothalamus |
-liaison between nervous system and endocrine system -tells glands what to do, based on info from senses and other nerve functions -EX) breast feeding women will start releasing milk when their baby starts crying -sensory info-from hypothalamus from the nervous system, telling that the baby might be hungry. |
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pituitary |
-makes hormones that instruct other glands to make other hormones -the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus, with 2 lobes which are two diff. glands fused together. |
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posterior pituitary |
-extension of the hypothalamus -secretes 2 hormones that are actually made by the hypothalamus. - oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone |
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oxytocin |
stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and helps with breastfeeding -probably has a role in social recognition, pair bonding, organisms, and anxiety. |
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antidiuretic |
secreted by the posterior pituitary, which tells the kidneys to retain water. |
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anterior pituitary |
both manufactures and secretes a whole battery of hormones. |
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adrenal glands |
sit right on top of the kidneys and -in charge of making hormones that help the kidneys maintain the level of salt and water in your body -also responds to stress |
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adrenal (cortex and medulla) |
-stimulates the adrenal glad to make epinephrine (adrenaline) -cut off blood supply to digestive system -send blood to lungs and muscles and speed up your heart rate |
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pancreas |
-regulate levels of glucose in the blood -secretes insulin -insulin travels around your boody and stimulates every type of body cell to absorb glucose -liver and muscle cells convert the glucose to glycogen for storage and other cells in the connective tissue called adipose cells, convert the glucose into fat -if low blood sugar, your pancrease releases glucagon which stimulates the liver and muscles to start the process that breaks up the glycogen and fat release the glucose so that you |
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testes |
make androgens, mainly testosterone which helps with sperm making |
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ovaries |
make estrogens and progestins, which stimulates the growth of the uterine lining. |
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endocrine system vs. nervous system |
endocrine - sprays hormones into blood stream, that give instructions to other glands regulating levels of salt and sugar and water in ur blood. nervous -carries info really quickly and responses are short-lived |
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endocrine gland vs. exocrine gland |
endocrine -keeps stuff inside body -hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,adrenal, pineal body, and reproductive organs -secrete hormones DIRECTLY into the blood stream exocrine -send stuff outside the body -travel through ducts, depositing substances onto epithelial surfaces which line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body -squamous, columnar, and cubodial |
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Paracrine signaling vs. Autocrine signaling |
paracrine -releases hormone molecules that degrade quickly and are only received within a small region of the body autocrine -which sends chemical signals within a cell or from one cell to the adjacent cell at most. this is what happens when in your immune system when a single t-cell realizes it needs to start cloning itself so it can fight off a virus |
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how do insulin and glucagon work to maintain normal glucose levels in blood? |
-When the pancreas secretes glucagon, it suppresses insulin. -Glucagon signals the liver and muscles to break down glycogen into glucose and release glucose back into your bloodstream. -This keeps your blood sugar levels from dipping too low. |
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pathway for milk production |
Hypothalamus -> nudge pituitary gland-> release hormones to stimulate milk production and secretion |
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what % of life on earth reproduces sexually? |
99.9% |
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what process is responsible for making both sperm and egg? |
meiosis |
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how many chromosomes does each sperm or egg carry? |
23 |
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what % of sperm are non viable? |
60% |
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do the fastest sperm always reach the egg and fertilize first? |
no, there might be no egg to go to because of ovulation so when they get caught, it gives them time to meet the egg at the same time |
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when does a woman produce all of her eggs? |
when they are a fetus in the womb |
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why are human births so dangerous? |
painful, can cause death to both the human and the baby |
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what is the behavioral adaptation we use to respond to this challenge? |
uterus contracts and cervix opens up |
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what hormones are responsible for initiating birth? |
prostaglandins and relaxin |
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pineal gland |
hormone - melatonin action - circadian rhythm |
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posterior pituitary |
H - oxytocin , ADH A - lactation, bonding anti-diurectic |
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anterior pituitary |
H - growth hormone FSH & LH A - cell growth ovulation |
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thyroid |
H - thyroid hormones (T3/T4) calcitonin A - metabolism, calcium levels, bone growth |
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pancreas |
h- insulin, glucagon a- lower/raise blood sugar |
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adrenal cortex |
h-epinephrine (adrenaline) a-fight or flight/stress response |
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ovary |
h- estrogens a- secondary sex characteristics |
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testes |
h-testosterone a-secondary sex characteristics |