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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dependent/Response Variable
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A variable that is measured or observed from an individual
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Reliability
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The degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under similar conditions
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Operational Definition
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The definition of an abstract concept used by a researcher to measure or manipulate the concept in a research study
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Nominal Scale
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A scale of data measurement that involves non-ordered categorical responses
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Qualitative Data
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Non-numerical participant responses
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Quantitative Data
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Numerical data
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Ordinal Scale
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A scale of data measurement that involves ordered categorical responses
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Interval Scale
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A scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses that are equally spaced, but scores are not ratios of each other
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Ratio scale
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A scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses, where scores are ratios of each other
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Likert Scale
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A scale of responses that measures a participant's agreement of disagreement with different types of statements, often with a rating from 1 to 5 or 1 to 7
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Reaction Time
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Measurement of the length of time to complete a task
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Construct Validity
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indicates that a survey measures the behavior it is designed to measure
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Nonverbal Scale
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Survey response scale that involves pictorial response categories for participants with low verbal skills (e.g., children)
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Face Validity
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On the surface, a study of scale appears to be intuitively valid
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Interrater Reliability
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A measure of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways
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Independent Variable
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A variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researcher such that the levels of the variable change across or within subjects in the experiment
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Presence/Absence Variables
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A variable that involves a manipulation with a level that involves the treatment and a level that does not involve the treatment
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Bivalent Independent Variable
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An independent variable with two levels--a design is considered bivalent if it contains one bivalent independent variable
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Type Variable
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a variable that involves a manipulation of types of a treatment
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Amount Variable
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Variables that include levels with a different amount of the treatment changing from level to level
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Multivalent Variable
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An independent Variable that includes three or more levels--a design is considered multivalent if there is only one independent variable that contains three or more levels
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Quasi-Independent/Subject Variable
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Variable that allows comparison of groups of participants without manipulation (i.e., no random assignment)
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Internal Validity
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The degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior
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Confounding Variable
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An extraneous factor present in a study that may affect the results
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Experimenter Bias
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A source of bias in a study created when a researcher treats groups differently (often unknowingly) based of knowledge of the hypothesis
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Single-Blind Design
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Procedure used to hide the group assignment from the participants in a study to prevent their beliefs about the effectiveness of a treatment from affecting the results
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Placebo
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A sugar pill given to the control group in a drug study to allow all groups to believe that they are receiving a treatment
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Double-Blind Design
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Procedure used to control for experimenter bias by keeping the knowledge of the group assignments from both the participants and the researchers who interact with the participants
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Testing Effects
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Occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing
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Within-Subjects Variable
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Each participant experiences all levels of the variable
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Between-Subjects Variable
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Each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable
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Counterbalance
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A control used in within-subjects experiments where different participants are assigned in equal numbers to the different orders of the condition
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Regression Toward the Mean
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Can occur when participants score higher or lower than their personal average-- the next time they are tested, they are more likely to score near their personal average, making scores unreliable
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History Effect
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Events that occur during the course of a study to all or individual participants that can result in bias
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Maturation
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Natural changes that occur to the participants during the course of a study that can result in bias
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Attrition/Mortality
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Occurs when participants choose not to complete a study
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External Validity
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The degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study
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Hawthorne Effect
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A source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior because they are aware that they are being observed
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Field Experiment
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An experiment conducted in the participants' natural environment
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Demand Characteristics
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A source of Bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior based on the perception of the study and its purpose
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Survey Research
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A research study that uses the survey observational technique to measure behavior
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Descriptive Research Question
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A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors
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Predictive Research Question
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A research question that asks if one behavior can be predicted from another behavior to allow predictions of future behavior
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Causal Research Question
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A research question that ask what causes specific behaviors to occur
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Psychometrics
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Area of psychological research that involves the development, validation, and refinement of surveys and tests for measuring psychological constructs
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Open-Ended Response Scale
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Participants respond to survey questions in any manner they feel is appropriate for the question
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Closed-Ended Response Scale
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Participants respond to survey questions according to the response options provided by the researcher
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Construct Validity
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Indicates that a survey measures the behavior it is designed to measure
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Nonresponse Error
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A sampling error that occurs when individuals chosen for the sample do not respond to the survey, biasing the sample
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Coverage Error
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a sampling error that occurs when the sample chosen to complete a survey does not provide a good representation of the population
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Criterion-Related Validity
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Determining the validity of the scores of a survey by examining the relationship between the survey scores and other established measures of the behavior of interest
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Social Desirability Bias
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Bias created in survey responses from respondents' desire to be viewed more favorably by others, typically resulting in overreporting of "positive" behaviors and underreporting "negative" behaviors
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Test-Retest Reliability
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Indicates that the scores on a survey will be similar when participants complete the survey more than once
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Attrition/Mortality
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Occurs when participants choose not to complete a study
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Testing Effects
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Occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing
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Internal Consistency
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A form of reliability that tests relationships between scores on different items of a survey
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Split-Half Reliability
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Method of testing scores' internal consistency that indicates if the scores are similar on different sets of questions on a survey that address similar topics
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Cronbach's Alpha
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Method of testing scores' internal consistency between scores on all pairs of items on a survey
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