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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals. When the crystals are exposed to light or radiation they store the energy from the radiation:
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emulsion
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faster means more efficient, hence, less radiation needed to produce an image:____ _____
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film speed
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film is ready for processing. if not processed, the stored energy will dissipate, and image will fade and be lost-it's an invisible change in an x-ray film emulsion, which creates an unseen pattern: results in a _____ ____
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latent image
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1.______: chemical reaction-need optimal conditions *4.5-5 min's at 68 degrees F is optimum
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develop (1)
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2._____: clean circulating water for 30 seconds
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Rinse (2)
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3.______: at least 10 min's -less will not stopo chemical reaction and grey will turn brown-yellow and transparency will decrease
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fixing (3)
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4. _____:20 min's in clean running water
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wash (4)
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5. then let it _____
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Dry (5)
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_____ and ______ are used to check solutions-follow manufacturer's directions and replenish and change. (Care of Solutions)
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checker films and step wedges
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In a _______ lighting is most important. Kodak GBx red filter for safelight; 15 watt bulb at least 4 ft away; _____ test used to check lighting
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Darkroom; coin test
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exposed fim, developed=______
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black
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un-exposed fim, not developed=
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white
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Temperature of solution is greater in a/an ______ processor than a/an _______ processor
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automatic/manual
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______ processor: shorter time, less room for operator error, takes less space.
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automatic
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________ films: reacts to light opposite a regular film; exposed to light- the more light it gets the lighter the film gets( regular film turns _____ when exposed to light)
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Duplicating films/ black
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Possible causes of _____films:
1. underdevelopment 2. exhausted developer 3. diluted developer |
light films (low density or contrast)
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Possible causes of _____films:
1. overdevelopment 2. light leak 3. exposure of films to white light |
Dark films (high density)
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possible causes of _____ films:
1. light leaks 2. improper or defective safelights 3. exposure of films to white light b4 completing fixing 4. exposure to unwanted radiation 5. chemical fog |
grayish fims (film fog)
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possible causes of _____ or _____ films:
1. exhausted developer 2.exhausted fixer 3. incomplete fixing 4. insufficient washing |
yellor or brown films
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possible causes of ______:
1. careless rinsing b4 fixing 2. exhausted chemicals 3. contaminated developer or wash water 4. contaminated rollers |
streaks
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possible causes of ______ films:
1. contaminated or exhausted fixer 2. unsufficient washing 3. films stuck together |
greenish
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possible causes of _____ or _____ lines:
1. film bending 2. rough film handling |
black or white lines
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possible causes of ______ or _______ marks
1. excessively dry air (most commonly seen on extraoral films |
lightening or tree-like marks (static electricity)
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possible causes of _____:
1. water droplets on film 2. premature contact with developer (black ____) 3. premature contact with fixer(white _____) |
spots
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Properties of x-rays:
(4) |
1. penetrate matter
2. produce a latent image 3. produce fluorescence in certain materials 4. produce ionization of substance |
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a/an ______ is another word for a bundle of energy
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x-ray
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________ radiation: process by which electrons are removed from atoms through collissions w/ x-ray photons- it is produced primarily in the:
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Bremsstahlung radiation/ tube head (and makes up most of the x-rays
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_______ radiation: only makes up a small amount of the x-rays-in the tube head, similar to what occurs more in the patients tissues
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characteristic radiation
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________ radiation: ex's)radiowaves, microwaves, cosmic rays, visible light, x-rays
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electromagnetic radiation
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_____ are and invisible spectrum of rays or radiation w/ diff. wavelengths
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x-rays
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x-rays are more ______ with a higher frequency and shorter wavelenth
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penetrating
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The penetrating power is determined by the ________ in a dental tube
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kilo-voltage
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KVP effects the ______ and _____ of an x-ray
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penetrating power and quality
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KV= ____ volts
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1000
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The kVp setting on the x-ray machine influences the _____, or energy, of the x-rays produced
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quality
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the milliampere setting in the x-ray unit influences the current flowing through the filament and therefore the _____ of x-rays that will be produced in the x-ray tube
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quantity or number
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a/an _____ is a unit of electrical current of the number of electrons flowing in an electrical circuit
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ampere
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too much angulation _______ an image
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forshortens
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too little angulation will cause _______
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elongation
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______ exposure time (sec) allows more x-rays to reach the film
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longer
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product of _____ and ______ has the greatest impact on the number of x-rays produced that reach the patient
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milliamperage and exposure time
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The ____ _____ ____: the intensity of the x-ray beam varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source
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inverse square law
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the further away the x-ray source, the _____ intense the x-ray beam becomes exponentially
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less
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one must increase exposure time as the source moves further away to keep the same film ______
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density
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Inverse law paraphrased: whatever change you make to the distance, square it, and make the same changes to the ____
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time (of exposure)
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Inverse square law:
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I1/I2=(D2)2/(D1)
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Film's range of useful densities: _____ of _____
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scale of contrast
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in general: ____ kV gives short contrast scale and ____ kV gives us long contrast scale
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low/high
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Detail depends on: (3)
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1. focal spot size
2. radiographic contrast 3. certain geometric characteristics |
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you have good ____ if small objects can be easily identified in a film w/o distortion.
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detail
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the closer the object is to the film, the _____ the image is
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sharper
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geometric unsharpness: ______ is the shadow of object
-______ is the area of unsharpness around the shadow |
umbra/ penumbra
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Things that reduce geometric unsharpness: (3)
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1. decrease object to film distance
2. increase source to film distance 3. paralleling periapical technique |
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______ ______: only film or patient can cause blurring of the image
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motion unsharpness
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_______: resulting from angulation problems: ex's) foreshortening, elongation, overlap-(horizontal)
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distortion
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_________ and ________ errors result in undiagnostic films, retakes, and excess exposure for the patient
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technique and processing errors
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_______ technique: caused by operator and patient but mostly by the operator
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exposure
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3 guidelines to minimize film positioning errors (3)
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1. distal of canine should be visible in premolar view
2. third molar region should be visible in molar view 3. tooth/teeth of interest should be centered |
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in the _____ view: the lingual cusp of 1st premolar will overlap distal of canine; therefore, the distal of canine must be visible on the ______ and _____ views.
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premolar/ periapical and bitewing views
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third molar region: must extend enough to get all of the region, even if you miss the distal of the ________
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2nd premolar
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______: fixer contacts all the crystals-non energized (underdeveloped) crystals are removed from the emulsion
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fixation
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contrast: product of _____ contrast and _____ contrast
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film and subject contrast
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Time/temp: if one goes down the other must go ___
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up
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the more dense the _____ it will be
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lighter
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subject contrast depends on: (4)
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1. thickness
2. density 3. atomic number of tissue 4. kV used |
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_____: degree of dark or light
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density
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define
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Thermniotic emulsion
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____ is the only thing we can control that directly effects subject contrast
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kV
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it would take 30 days for __% of people to die w/ high radiation exposure.
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50%
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_____: also known as resolution or sharpness
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detail
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density depends on 4 things: (4)
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1. amount of radiation
2. distance from x-ray tube to patient 3. patient(subject) thickness 4. developing conditions |
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_____ techniques require the use of film-holding devices
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paralleling
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______: branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disease using sources of radiant energy
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radiology
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______: technical process of positioning, exposing, and processing of radiographs
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radiography
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______: discovered x-rays in 1895
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Roentgen
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Patient protection: (4)
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1. benefits must outweigh the risks
2. lead apron and tyroid shild 3. long cone (PID) paralleling techinique 4. proper exposure and processing technique |
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Periapicals, bitewings, and occlusals are _______ radiographic techniques
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intraoral
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there are ___ film sizes for intraoral radiographing: name each and what their used for
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(*4 or 5)
0-kids smallest 1&2-FMX 3- long bitewing 4-occlusal |
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bitewings: ___ on each side unless a small mouth
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2
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Paralleling periapical technique: aim for middle of _____
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palate
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rim ring, stag, snap arrays are all ____ _____ devices
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film holding
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Point of entry: beam directed through the ______ of region being radiographed
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CENTER
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_______: must have apex of tooth on it (3-4 mm)-used to interpret the normal anatomy and pathology of the root and surrounding bone
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periapicals
-vertical-max and mand/horizontal-avoid overlap |
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________: used to interpret interproximal carries, space and any pathology of the pulp
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bitewings (move film toward middle of palate)
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_______: used for looking at entire arch
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occlusals
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_____ _____ _____: required for paralleling technique -RINN XCP most common and accurate, stabe, snap array
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film holding devices
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helpful hints: ____ b4 you take; never guess.
-spend as ____ time in patient's mouth as possible -Check _____ _____ history -Use _____ _______ -make sure machine is ready for placement b4 _____ are placed |
LOOK/Little/medical health histoy/ universal precautions/films
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positions of film: dot goes int the ____: white part of film faces teeth for intra-oral radiographs.
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slot
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Pimples not _____ when mounting and keep it in the incisal or occlusal edge and facing out when exposing radiographs
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dimples
-look at films as if you are looking at the patient when mounting |
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Mandibular anterior teeth have smaller ____ and shorter _____; usually fit on one film
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crowns and roots
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Max molars usually show ___ roots
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3
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Roots usually curve ______
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distally
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Larger radiolucent areas in the _______ arch
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maxillary
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the maxillary central incisor film shows the ____ ____ _____, which creates a distinct radiolucent line between the maxillary incisors that is not present between the mandibular incisors
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median palatine suture.
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the 4 ________ incisors usually fit on one film, whereas the 4 ________ incisors, being larger ,may not.
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mandibular/ maxillary
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the teeth are oriented with the longer side of the film _____ for anterior teeth, and _____ for posterior teeth
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vertical/horizontal
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mandibular molars normally have only ___ roots, the image of which is very sharp and distinct.
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2
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max molars have ___ roots, the image of which is less distinct than that of the mandibular teeth.
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3
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the posterior border of the maxilla has an area called the ________ that looks like a rounded corner.
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tuberosity
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after mounting, the mouth should appear as if it were ______.
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smiling
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