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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Improved living conditions for the working class
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- Reforms, improvement and freedoms increased for the working class.
- Earnings improved and hours working reduced, industrial patronage become more widespread. - Reforms came about as industrialists wanted a healthy, content and disciplined work force. - Some factories offered social, recreational and sporting opportunities - Some owners had genuine Christian motives, wanted to win loyalty and increase work output - The annual excursionist trip to the seaside was part of working class culture by the end of the 19th century |
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The transport revolution
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- railways were the most significant form of transport and increased the chance to both participate in and to watch sport
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The railway
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- took people further in a shorter time
- enabled distant teams to play each other and take supporters - caused a standardised set of rules to be needed - speeded up the development of leagues, cups and competitions - allowed people to get to the countryside - factory owners were able to lay on excursion trips |
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The class system
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- strict class system underpinned and operated in British society
- class determined income, housing, lifestyle and sporting opportunities - also determined your status as an amateur or professional |
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Free time: Saturday half-day and the early closing movement
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- the early closing movement sought to reduce working hours, particularly in shops
- excessive working hours were increasing thought to be damaging to the health and well-being of workers - between 1870 -1890 workers were granted half day Saturdays giving them the opportunity to play or watch sport - by 1870 some workers had 2 or 3 days of paid holiday - by 1890 a week paid holiday was common - wages of industrial work increases and more third-class rail fares had become available allowing more freedom to travel |
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Changing views of the church - the 1850s, evangelism and social Christianity
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- by the mid 19th century with Muscular Christianity and rational recreation caused changes
- Muscular Christian-The combination of godliness and manliness, the belief in having a strong and fit body to match a robust and healthy soul - ex public school boys an d university men promoted sport and games in their parishes while in the YMCA encouraged participation in young clerks |
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Amateurism and professionalism
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- influenced the nature and development of rationalised sports and pastimes
- middle-class gentlemen took part for the love of sport and intrinsic reward - working-class men that did not have the time to play for fun had the chance to play for money as a professional |
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Women in Victorian Britain
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- in early Victorian Britain it was thought inappropriate for a middle-class lady to exercise, sweat or display her body meaning sport was outlawed
- it was also thought to be medically harmful to women - the invention of lawn tennis in the 1870s became route to social and physical emancipation for women. This new game met women's needs for enthusiasm for a form of acceptable physical exercise - as exercise became acceptable for middle class women clothing began to be designed which encouraged freer movement - working class women neither had the opportunity nor provision for leisure time physical activity |
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Varying opportunities for participation
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- class and gender continued to affect participation along with 3 variables; opportunity, provision and esteem
- the emergence of the middle class was significant. Without access to horses they invented the bicycle and without access to real tennis they invented lawn tennis - the middle class drove the rationalisation and development of sport while the working class had to wait for opportunities to participate at a community level, perhaps via factory or local authority (municipal) public park provision |
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Impact on and links today
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- still have a mainly decentralised, amateur and voluntary way of organising and administrating sport in the UK, particularly at lower levels
- as a direct result the formation of NGB's and many sports clubs - recently we've started to have a more professional approach towards sport at all levels - the ethics of sportsmanship are linked to rational recreation |