Reproductive System

The reproductive organs of men and women produce (?) and contribute to the development of secondary sex characteristics.

Male testes produce sperm, whereas female ovaries produce eggs. When an egg and sperm join, an (?) is formed.

or primary sex organs produce sex cells or gametes and secrete hormones.

what hormone:

Testes

Ovaries

The (?) has both an exocrine (sperm-producing) function and an endocrine (testosterone-producing) function.

The accessory reproductive structures are (?) that aid in the delivery of sperm to the body exterior or to the female reproductive tract.

Small, oval-shaped organs, each about 4-5cm long, within the scrotum

Each testis is connected to the trunk via the (?), a connective tissue sheath that encloses blood vessel, nerves and the ductus deferens

The (?) surrounds each testis and extensions of this capsule continues into the testis dividing into wedge-shaped lobules

the actual “sperm- forming factories”; they empty sperm into the rete testis

Sperm travel via the (?), to enter the first part of the duct system, the epididymis

located in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules; they produce androgens (testosterone).

The accessory organs forming the male duct system, which transports sperm from the body.

DUCT SYSTEM of MRS

First part of the duct system and a temporary storage site for the immature sperm

EPIDIDYMIS:

While the sperm make their way along the epididymis (a trip that takes about (?)), they mature, developing the ability to swim.

When a man is sexually stimulated and ejaculates, the walls of the (?) contract to expel the sperm into the ductus deferens.

Also known as “vas deferens”

DUCTUS DEFERENS:

It emerges from the tail of the epididymis and ascends to form the (?), where it associates with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the testis.

The end of the ductus deferens expands as the (?) and then empties into the (?), which passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra

The main function of the (?) is to propel live sperm from their storage sites into the urethra

Terminal part of the male duct system, extending from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis

It carries both urine and sperm but both do not leave the urethra at the same time

Three (3) parts of MRS urethra

When ejaculation occurs and sperm enters the prostatic urethra, the (?) constricts

This event prevents urine from passing into the urethra and sperm from entering the urinary bladder.

ACCESSORY GLANDS of MRS

The (?) produce the bulk of semen, the sperm containing fluid that is propelled out of the male’s reproductive tract during ejaculation

Large hollow glands located at the base of the bladder

They produce about 60% of seminal fluid or the fluid portion of the semen

The seminal fluid is thick, yellowish and is rich in sugar (fructose), vitamin C, prostaglandins, and other substances that nourish and activate the sperm passing through the tract

It is a walnut-shaped gland which encircles the upper part of the urethra (prostatic urethra)

It produces a thin, milky secretion called prostate fluid which plays a role in activating sperm

During ejaculation, the fluid enters the urethra through several small ducts

Tiny pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland

They produce a thick, clear mucus that drains into the spongey/penile urethra when a man becomes sexually excited (pre-ejaculate fluid)

It cleanses the urethra of trace acidic urine prior to ejaculation, and it serves as lubricant during sexual intercourse

A milky white, sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

The (?) in seminal fluid provides the energy fuel of sperms

It also contains antibiotic chemicals that destroy certain bacteria, and enzymes that enhance sperm motility

Amount of semen propelled during ejaculation is usually around only 2-5ml, but there are (?)

a divided sac of skin that acts as a pouch for the testis and hangs between the legs at the root of the penis

It provides and maintains a lower temperature (3ºC or 5.4ºF) for the testis which is necessary for production of a healthy sperm

functions to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

enlarged rounded tip or head of the penis

loose skin covering the penis which is usually surgically removed in a procedure called circumcision

elastic band of tissue connecting the prepuce to the glans

Internally, the spongy urethra is surrounded by three (3) elongated areas of (?), a spongy tissue that fills with blood during sexual excitement

erectile tissue:

This event, called (?), helps the penis serve as the male organ of copulation (sexual intercourse) to deliver the semen into the female reproductive tract

discharge of semen from the male reproductive tract

It is a common condition in men as they get older, in which the prostate gland is enlarged but not cancerous

• Can be at risk of bladder infections and kidney damage

• May develop into Prostate Cancer when not treated

MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS

Sperm production in the seminiferous tubules begins during puberty and continues throughout life

primitive stem cells found in the outer edge of each tubule that begin spermatogenesis

During puberty, (?) is secreted to stimulate spermatogenesis in testes

SPERMATOGENESIS:

remains at the tubule to maintain the stem cell population

SPERMATOGENESIS:

transported towards the tubule, where it becomes a primary spermatocyte

special type of cell division that only occurs in the gonads (testes & ovaries)

nonfunctional sperm that contain half of the genetic material present in the original spermatocyte

TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION:

During puberty, the (?) is secreted and activates the interstitial cells or Leydig cells to produce testosterone continuously for the rest of a man’s life

adolescent growth spurt ----> development of reproductive organs, sexual drive, and secondary sex characteristics

Secondary (2º) sex characteristics (masculine): Deepening of the voice, increased hair growth all over the body, enlargement of skeletal muscles and bone growth

primary (1º) female reproductive organs that produce both an exocrine product (eggs or ova) and endocrine product (estrogen & progesterone)

The other organs of the female reproductive system serve as accessory structures to transport, nurture reproductive cells and/or the developing fetus.

The two (2) (?) are small paired oval-shaped organs that lie on the posterior wall of the pelvis lateral to the uterus

They produce the (?) which are then transported to the fallopian tubes

Inside an ovary, many tiny sac-like structures called (?) are present and each follicle consists of an immature egg, called an oocyte

Mature follicle

fluid-filled central region

enlarged with developing egg inside ready to be ejected out of the ovary

process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary. After it's released, the egg moves down the fallopian tube.

Ovulation generally occurs every (?) but it can occur more or less in some women

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is transformed into a very yellow-body structure called a (?)

condition in which the ovaries produce an abnormal amount of androgens (testosterone), that are supposedly less in women and the presence of cysts in the ovaries

• Possible causes: genes, obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation

• Complications: Irregular periods, Excess hair growth (hirsutism), Acne, Hair loss, Weight gain, Darkening of skin, Headaches

• Uterine or Fallopian Tubes

• Uterus

• Vagina

Initial part of the duct system that receives the ovulated oocyte from the ovaries

They provide a site for (1) fertilization of the egg and sperm and sends the fertilized egg to the uterus for (2) implantation

UTERINE/FALLOPIAN TUBES:

funnel-shaped distal expansion of each fallopian tube

finger-like projection that partially surround the ovary and create fluid currents during ovulation to carry the oocyte into the fallopian tube and to the uterus via peristalsis

Also known as the “womb” is a hollow organ located in the pelvis between the urinary bladder and rectum

It functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg

During pregnancy, the (?) increases tremendously in size to accommodate the growing fetus :

• Body

• Fundus

• Cervix

major portion of the uterus

rounded region above the entrance of fallopian tubes

narrow outlet protruding into the vagina

The uterus has a thick wall composed of three (3) layers

innermost layer; site for implantation of fertilized egg

The endometrial lining sloughs off periodically (every (?)) in response to changes in the levels of hormones (Menstruation)

bulky middle layer composed of bundles of smooth muscle; It contracts rhythmically during childbirth to force the baby out of the mother’s body

outermost serous layer of uterus

Thin-walled tube between the bladder and rectum and from the cervix to the body exterior

It is also the female organ of copulation because It receives the penis (and semen) during sexual intercourse

The whole female external genitalia is known as the “vulva"

fatty, rounded area above the pubic symphysis

skin folds enclosing regions of the vulva

small protruding structure that corresponds to the male penis; contains erectile tissue

A relatively common cancer among women between the ages of 30 and 50

• Risk factors: sexually transmitted diseases such as human papillomavirus (HPV), frequent cervical inflammation, multiple pregnancies, and many sexual partners

• Complications: Blood spotting, heavy menstrual bleeding, pain and bleeding during and after sexual intercourse, persistent pelvic and back pain

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS

Production of female gametes or ova

By birth, the (?) no longer exist, and a female’s life-time supply of primary oocytes (approx. 1 million) is already in place in the ovarian follicles, awaiting the chance to undergo meiosis to produce functional eggs

daughter cells preparing for maturation

During puberty, (?) stimulates primary follicles to grow and mature and then ovulation occurs each month (ovarian cycle)

immature ovum

• The (?) only completes meiosis II if it is fertilized by a sperm cell.

• The completion of meiosis II forms an oocyte and a second polar body.

cell that separates from an oocyte during meiosis and that contains a nucleus produced in the first or second meiotic division and very little cytoplasm

occurs at the moment the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an ovum to form a fertilized egg, or zygote

Once a single sperm has penetrated the oocyte, the oocyte nucleus completes the second meiotic division, forming the ovum and a polar body.

The zygote represents the first cell of the new individual ready for development into embryo then fetus.

HORMONE PRODUCTION BY THE OVARIES

stimulate the female secondary sex characteristics

ESTROGEN:

development of breasts appearance axillary and pubic hair, increased deposits of fat (hips and breasts), widening of pelvis, menstrual cycle

prepares the tissue lining of the uterus to allow the fertilized egg to implant and helps to maintain the endometrium throughout pregnancy; menstrual cycle

Pregnancy – events that occur from the time of fertilization (conception) until birth and the pregnant woman’s developing offspring is called the (?).

Development occurs during the (?) which extends from the last menstrual period until birth, approximately 280 days (9mos)

from fertilization to the 8th week; the conceptus is now called an embryo

from 9th week through birth; the embryo is now called a fetus