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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define GONAD
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sperm-producing testes in men and ovaries in women
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Define GAMETE
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- gonades produce sex cells called gametes that secrete a variety of steroid hormones;
- COMMONLY called, sex hormones; - MALES produce male gametes called sperm; - FEMALES produce gametes called ova or eggs; |
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Define MEIOSIS
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"create a new me"
- basis of gamete production; - genetic DNA, half from male (23 chromosomes) and half from egg (23 chromosomes) = 46 chromosomes |
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Define MITOSIS, in relation to the reproductive system
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- division of a cell;
- growth & repair; |
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Name the ORGAN that delivers SEMEN to the female reproductive tract
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Penis
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Name the SITE of testosterone PRODUCTION
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Testes
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Name the PASSAGEWAY from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
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Ductus deferens
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What CONVEYS both sperm & urine down the length of the penis?
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Urethra
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Name the ORGANS that CONTRIBUTE to the FORMATION of semen
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- bulbourethral glands
- seminal vesicles - prostate gland |
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What do you call the EXTERNAL SAC that houses the testes?
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Scrotum
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What is the TUBULAR storage site for sperm; hugs the lateral aspect of the testes.
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Epididymis
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What do you call the CUFF of SKIN encircling the GLANS penis?
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Prepuce
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What surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder; produces a milky fluid?
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Prostate gland
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What accessory gland produces over half of the seminal fluid?
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seminal vesicles
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What produces a lubricating mucus that CLEANSES the urethra?
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Bulbourethral glands
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What is the connective tissue sheath enclosing the ductus deferens, blood vessels and nerves?
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Spermatic cord
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What is testosterone synthesised from?
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testosterone is a steroid hormone, synthesised from cholesterol
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True or False
Testosterone has a multiple ANABOLIC effect in the body? |
True
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What does testosterone promote in puberty?
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spermatogenesis
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What is testosterone converted to in the brain?
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estradiol, equivalent of female estrogen
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Name secondary sex characteristics
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- pubic, axillary and facial hair
- deepening of voice - bones & muscles increase in size and mass (somatic effects) - skin thickens & becomes oilier - men stay fertile until well into their 80's or until testosterone ceases |
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Define Menopause
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no periods for one year
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What is perimenopause?
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sporadic periods in one year
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What happens in menopause?
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- uterus atrophy (shrinks)
- vaginal dryness - vaginal wall thins - breast fat stores decrease |
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What happens to HDL and LDL cholesterol BEFORE menopause?
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HDL is high
LDL is lower estrogen keeps LDL low |
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What happens to HDL and LDL cholesterol AFTER menopause?
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HDL is low
LDL is higher lack of estrogen to keep LDL low |
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What is the general age women go through menopause?
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47 - 54 years
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What is the FOLLICULAR PHASE?
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Before ovulation
- Days 1 - 14 follicular growth - unstable phase; more changes; liptin hormone that sets off periods needs liptins (body fat) |
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What is the LUTEAL PHASE?
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After ovulation
- pretty constant phase |
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What is the cornona radiata?
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"crown of thorns" around the egg
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What does LH & FSH do?
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- stimulates estrogen
- negative feed back |
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what hormone "holds" pregnancy and maintains the lining of the uterus?
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Progesterone
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When does progesterone stay high?
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during pregnancy
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When does progesterone drop?
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- when u r ready to deliver
- this dip might be related to postnatal depression |
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Name the 3 cycles of change the uterine endometrium goes through each month
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- menstrual phase
- proliferative phase - secretory phase |
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What is the MENSTRUAL phase?
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- lining of the uterus is shed
- bleeding phase |
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What is the PROLIFERATIVE phase?
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- rebuild inner lining of uterus
- that portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens |
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What is the SECRETORY phase?
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- after ovulation
- the second half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation; the corpus luteum secretes progesterone which prepares the endometrium for the implantation of an embryo; if fertilization does not occur then menstrual flow begins |
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What is the LUTEAL phase?
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- is the latter phase of the menstrual cycle
- it begins with the formation of the corpus luteum and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis |
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What is the CORPUS LUTEUM?
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The corpus luteum, which means yellow body in Latin, is what is left of the follicle after a woman ovulates
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Name the ANATOMICAL changes that take place in pregnancy
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- breast enlarge
- areola enlarges - uterus enlarges - weight gain - chadwick sign - lordosis (posture change) |
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what is the chadwich sign?
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cervix changes color (more purple)
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Name the METABOLIC changes that take place in pregnancy
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- hPL (human placental lactogen) increases
- hCT (human choronic thyrotropin) - parathyroid hormone goes up |
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what is surfactant protein A
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hormone from babies lungs, released when baby is ready to be born : tells cervix to soften
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