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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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which of the following approaches is use dhwne you conduct research, then guage your cinfidence in the generalization to your population based on how alike your poopulation and participants are?
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proximal similary model
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_______ similarity model
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the degree to which conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times?
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external validity
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______ validity
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what is NOT a type of purposive sampling?
a. quota sampling b. heterogeneity sampling c. stratified random sampling d. all of the above |
stratified random sampling
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if you had 100,000 tshirts randomly ordred neatly on racks ina store and you wanted to findt he average price of tshirts in that store...you would use...
a. simple random sampling b. systematic random sampling c. tratified random sampling d. quota sampling |
systematic random sampling
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which is not a a type of translation validity?
a. external validity b. content validity c. face validity d. all of the above are |
external validity
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outside
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which type of validity would be demonstrated if your 5 item measure of depression correlated highly with someone else's 20 item measure of depression
a. convergent validity b. concurrent validity c. predictive validity |
convergent validity
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which validity would be demosntrated if enlighs teachers performed bettern than scienc teachers on your measure of grammaitical ability?
a. predictive b. discriminate c. convergant d. concurrent |
concurrent
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which of the following threats to construct validity is being demosntrated when i'm measuring the effect of a drug on depression, but i only give participants 5mg of the drug
a. mono-operation b. mono-method c. mono-explication d. none of the above |
mono-operation
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which is NOT a social threat to construct validity
a. evaluation apprehension b. hypothesis guessing c. experimenter expectancies d. inadequate properational explication of construct e. all of the above are social threats |
inadequate peropreational explication of constructs
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which is made of an observed score witha true score and error?
a. true score theory b. observed score theory c. random error theory d. systematic error theory |
true score theory
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which of the following terms refers to the act of translating a construct into its manifestation
a.measurement b. explication c. operationlizaion d. systematization |
operationalization
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what type of reliability is being estimated when i give 2 forms (a and b) of exam #1 and find there is a .99 correlationbetween the 2 forms?
-inter-rater reliability - parallel forms -test- re-test - internal consistenxy - reliabity |
parralel forms
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which of the type of reliability is being estimated when i find the correlation b/w different items on an exam
-inter-rater -test- re-test - parallel forms - internal consistency |
internal consistency
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what is an index
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quantitive score that MEASURES the cosntruct of itnerest by applying a formula or SET OF RULES that combine relevant data
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when you conceptualize the index, what are you doing?
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figure out the ocmponents of the index
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when you operationalize and measure the components, what are you doing?
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you are finding out how you are going to measure each of the components
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what is scaling
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involved construction of an isntrument that ssociates qualitative constructs with quantitative metric
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puts numbers to subjective/qualitative ideas
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what are some uses of QUALITATIVE research?
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1. new theories
2. deeper understanding 3. detailed stories 4. mixed methods research |
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qualitative traditions: studying a phenomenon within context of culture and become active participant
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ethnography
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qualitative tradition: emphasizes studying how the phenomenon is EXPERIENCED BY THE PARTICPANTS. focuses of people's subjective experiences
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phenomenology
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qualitative traditions: researcher goes into the field to observe phenomenon in NATURAL STATE
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field research
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qualitative traditions: used specificially to DEVELOP A THEORY about a phenomenon of interest
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ground theory
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ever-evolving research.
research forms tentative hypothesis they change their appraoc |
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can qualitative data be coded for quantitatively?
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true
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is quantative data based o a qualitative judgement of some sort?
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true
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questioner and interviewer interact
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in-depth interview
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when an observer doesn't activelly question the participants
ex: field resaerch, photos, videos |
direct observation
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includes analysis of newspaer, books, websites, and letters, etc
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content analysis
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the researcher becomes a participant in the culture of context being studied. needs to be accepted
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participant observation
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it is not ethnography
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direction itneraction b/w researcher and the respondent. the interviewer may lead the discussion in any irection desired
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unstructed interview
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this involves making sure that the participants find the results believable
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credibility
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the degree to which the results of wualitative research can be GENERALIZED TO OTHER CONTEXTS AND SETTINGS
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transferability
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similar to reliability in quantative research, but the researcher must account for changes in context that occur between measurements
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dependability
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changes=measurements
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the degree tow hcih others can confirm or corroborate the results
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confirmability
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the question has the answer
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what is an unobtrusive measure?
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measures that allow the researcher to gather data without becoming invovled int he responden'ts itneraction with the measure used.
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the approx. truth of inferences regarding cause-effect relationships
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internal validity
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the "cause" ahs to come before the effect
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tempral precedence
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the cause and effect must be related, there must be a correlationship b/w the 2
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covariation of "cause" and "effect"
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no other plausable exlpanations can be found for the observed relationship b/w your variables
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no plausable alternative explanations
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the question has the answer
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treats that occur when only 2 treatment group is used without a control group
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single group threat
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only one group
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something happens ruing the course of your study that affects the outcome
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history threat
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a threat that occurs due to natural maturation that happens between pre=test and post-test
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maturation threat
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question has answer
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treating threat
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when the pre-test affects your psot-test
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instrumenation threat-
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when the measure technique is not exactly the same on the pre-test and the post-test
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caused by people dropping our of the study
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mortality threat
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how do you deal with single group threats?
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control group
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what is the best way to avoid selection problems in multiple group threats ?
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randomly assign people to groups
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social pressure in the research content that can lead to psot-test differences not caused by the treatment
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social itneractions threat to internal validitty
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it's a long answer
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when a comparison group learns about the treatment either directly or indirectly from the treatment grop participants
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diffusion or imitation of treatment
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______ or ________ of treatment
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when one group knows the treatment that the other one is getting and because of that, develops a competitive attitude towards theo ther group
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compensatory rivarly
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_ rivarly
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occurs when the comparisong roup knows what the treatment group is getting andbecomes discourages, angry, or gives up
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resentful demoralization
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______ demoralization
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occurs whent he control group is given a program or treatment designed to compnsate for the treatment the program group gets
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compensatory equalization of treatment
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___________ equalizations of treatments
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_____________ subject studies- the particpants are the same in all conditions
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within
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within or between
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_______________ subject studies: different particpants in each group
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between
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within or between
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_____ effects: effects of treatments that last through subsequent treatments and measurements
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carryover effects
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reliability: is the correlation between measurements done by DIFFERENT RATERS
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INTER-RATER RELIABITY
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reliability: is the correlation b/w measurements obtained at different times. the amoutn oft ime b/w adminsitrations can affect reliability, alsot hings that happenb /w the administration can affect the reliability
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test re-test reliability
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reliaiblity: is where you findt he correlation b/w grades and alternative versions of the measures
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paralle forms.
ex: give forms a and b of a test to people and compute the correlation |
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reliability: when you measure the corelation b/w items, total score, or groups of stems writing 1 measure. only valid whena ll items are measuring the SAME construct
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internal consistency reliability
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internal cons: the avergae corelation b/w all the items in a measure
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average inter-item correlation
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item
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int cont: find the correlation b/w each item in a total score then compute the average
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average item-total correlation
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int const: wen you divide the item in 2 groups and find the correlation between them
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split half reliability
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int const: the AVERAGE of all split-half reliabilities estimates
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crombach's alpha
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what are filter/contingency questiosn?
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designed to see if a person is qualified to answer other questions
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moving up a step; requirement
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drawing a sample so that eveyr possible member has an equal change og veing selected
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simple random sampling
ex: names in a hat |
what kind of random sampling?
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dvide population into homogenous subgroups and then randomly sample some from each group
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stratified random sampling
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a step above simple random sampling
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involves dividing population into clusters (based on geography) and randomly selecting clusters to study and measuring each individual within the cluster
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cluster random sampling
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the question has the answer
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what is modal instance sampling
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when you choose the most frequent case, or the typical case to be participants in your study
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INSTANCE!
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