Research Methods Test 2

The goal is to establish the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables

Must demonstrate that changes in one variable are directly responsible for causing changes in the second variable

Typically the independent variable is manipulated by creating a set of

The specific conditions that are used in the experiment are called the ————-of the independent variable.

All other variables in the city other than the independent and dependent variables

The possibility that two variables appear to be related when in fact they are both influence by a third variable that causes them to vary together

Demonstrating the changes in one variable tend to be accompanied by changes in another variable simply establishes of the two variables are related the remaining problem is to determine which variable is the cause and which is the effect

Consist of identifying the specific values of the independent variable to be examined and then creating a set of train and conditions corresponding to the set of identified values

An extraneous variable that is allowed to change systematically along with the two variables being studied. In the context of an experiment and extraneous variable that changes systematically along with the independent variable and has the potential to influence the deep and variable. It is an alternative explanation for the observed Relationship and therefore is a threat to internal validity

Is the use of a random process to help avoid a systematic relationship between two variables

All the different possible outcomes are equally likely

Is the use of a random process to assign participants to treatment conditions

Is an additional measure to assess how the participants perceived and interpreted the manipulation and or to access the direct effects of the manipulation

Is the creation of conditions within an experiment that simulate or closely duplicate the natural environment in which the behaviors being examined would normally occur

Refers to the superficial usually physical characteristics of the simulation which probably have a little positive affect on the X ternal validity

On the other hand concerns the psychologicalaspect of the simulation that is the extent to which the participants become immersed in the simulation and behave normally unmindful of the fact that they are involved in experiment.

Is research conducted in a place at the participants or subjects perceive as a natural environment

Two or more variables are measured to obtain a set of scores for each individual. The measurements are then examined to identify any patterns and relationships that exist between the variables and to measure the strength of the relationship

Each individual is represented by a single point with the horizontal coordinate determined by the individuals act score in the vertical coordinate corresponding to the Y value

In which the data points in the scatterplot tend to cluster around a straight line

Is used to describe and measure linear relationships when both variables are numerical scores from interval or ratio scales

A relationship that is consistently one directional either consistently positive or consistently negative

Is used to measure and describe monotonic relationship from both variables our ranks from an ordinal score or have been transformed to ranks

Is the squared value of a correlation and measures the percentage of variables in one variable that is determined or predicted by its relationship with the other variable

Is the second important factor for interpreting the strength of a correlation

In a correlational study a researcher often is interested in the relationship between two variables to use knowledge about one variable to help predict or explain the second variable in this situation the first variable is called the

The second variable being explained or predicted is called the

The statistical process of using one variable to predict another is called

The researcher observes and systematically records the behavior of individuals to describe the behavior

This process involves the direct observation and systematic recording of behaviors, usually as the behaviors occur in a natural situation

Requires repeated exposure until the observer’s presence is no longer a novel stimulus

Categories of behavior to be observed. I said a behavior categories and a list of exactly which behaviors count as examples of each are developed before observations begin

The degree of agreement between two observers who simultaneously record measurements of a behavior

Counting the instances for each specific behavior that occurs during a fixed time observation period.

Recording how much time in individual spends engaging in a specific behavior during a fixed time observation period

Involves dividing the observation. Into a series of intervals and then recording whether a specific behavior occurs during each interval

Observing for one interval, then pausing during the next interval to record all the observations

Involves identifying one specific event or behavior to be observed and recorded during the first interval, then shifting attention to a different event or behavior during the second interval and so on for the fall series of intervals

Involves identifying one participant to be observed during the first interval, then shifting attention to a different individual for the second interval, and so on

Involves using the techniques of behavioral observation to measure the occurrence of specific events in literature, movies, television, programs, or similar media that presents replicas of behavior

Involves looking at historical records to measure behaviors or events that occurred in the past

A researcher observes behavior in a natural setting as unobtrusively as possible

The researcher engages in the same activities other people being observed in order to observe and record their behavior

Is the observation of behavior in settings arranged specifically to facilitate the occurrence of specific behaviors

One criticism of rating scale questions is that whenever questions in a series have the same choices for responding, participants tend to use the same response to answer all or most of the questions. This tendency is called

These establish the endpoints of the scales

Internet surveys similarly to mail surveys are subject to _______ Which means that the people who complete the surveys are a self-selected sample that may not be representative of the population

The influence of the researcher verbally asking participants questions on the participants natural responses

The study of individuals in contrast to the study of groups

The study of groups in contrast to the study of individuals

Involves the in-depth study and detailed description of a single individual. A case study may involve an intervention or treatment in ministered by the researcher

When a case does not include any treatment or intervention it is often called a

Experimental research designs that use the results from a single participant or subject to establish the existence of cause and effect relationships

Is a series of observations of the same individual under the same conditions

Are observations made when no treatment is being administered

Our observations made went to treatment is being administered

A series of treatment observations is called a

Occurs when a series of measurements are all approximately the same magnitude. In a graph the series of data points cluster around a horizontal line

Occurs when the differences from one measurement to the next are consistently in the same direction and are approximately of the same magnitude. In a graph the series of data points cluster around a sloping line

Refers to the degree to which the observations show a pattern of consistent level or consistent trend. Stable Dana may show minor variations from a perfectly consistent pattern but the variation should be relatively small and the linear pattern relatively clear

Changing the conditions usually by administering or stopping a treatment

Consist of a series of phases including a baseline Fais followed by a treatment phase and at least one replication of a baseline followed by a treatment

Is the most commonly used a reversal design and consist of four phases a baseline phase, or treatment phase, a return to baseline phase, and a second treatment phase. The goal of this design is to demonstrate that the treatment causes changes in the participants behavior

Begins with two simultaneous baseline phases. A treatment phase is initiated for one of the baselines while baseline operations continue for the other. At a later time the treatment is initiated for the second baseline

When the initial baseline phase correspond to the same behaviors for two separate participants the design is called a

When the initial baseline phase corresponds to two separate behaviors for the same participant the design is called

When the initial baseline face corresponds to the same behavior in two separate situations the design is called a

Consists of a series of phases in which each phase add or subtract one component of a complex treatment to determine how each component contributes to the overall treatment effectiveness

In a research study a result or treatment of fact that is large enough to be extremely unlikely to have occurred simply by chance

In a research study a result or treatment affect is large enough to have value in a practical application