Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which research approach to research has an active independent variable and includes interventions such as a new curriculum or treatment?
|
Experimental Approach
|
|
Which research approach has an attribute independent variable and includes methods such as surveys and observational research?
|
Nonexperimental Approach
|
|
Which research approach does NOT have an independent variable?
|
Descriptive Approach
|
|
T/F A randomized experiment may or may NOT use random selection or sampling.
|
True
A randomized experiment doesn't necessarily involve random sampling |
|
If the independent variable is attributional, what type of experimentation are you doing?
|
comparative or associational
|
|
Describe
Associational Research |
-one group of ppl
-look at variations w/in the group -make predictions -variable is NOT controlled by the investigator -look for associations |
|
What is the purpose of quasi-experimental research?
|
to examine the causality of a difference between groups
|
|
What is the purpose of a randomized experimental approach?
|
to determine the likely causes of difference between groups
i.e. lets you argue causality |
|
What type of statistics is generally done on experimental (randomized & quasi) and comparative research?
|
Differential Inferential Statistics
e.g. t-test, ANOVA |
|
What type of statistics is generally done in associational research?
|
Associational Inferential Statistics
e.g. correlation, multiple regression |
|
What type of statistics are generally used with descriptive research methods?
|
Descriptive Statistics
e.g. means, histograms, percentages |
|
Researchers are randomly calling people who were randomly chosen to participate in a survey based on geographic area. What kind of sampling is this an example of?
|
Random sampling
|
|
What are the Quasi-Experimental Designs w/Major Limitations?
|
One group posttest-only design
One Group Pretest-Posttest Design Wait-list Comparison Group Design Post-test only Nonequiv Grps Design |
|
Describe
One-Group Posttest-Only Designs |
easier. Only measures outcome
Caveat: doesn't show what/how much was gained by intervention |
|
Describe
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design |
Test in the beginning and test at the end
Caveat: no comparison group, ignores environmental events, carryover effects |
|
Describe
Wait-list Comparison Group Design |
When there is a group that doesn't get the planned treatment
Caveat: only practical w/ short design, when ethical |
|
Describe
Posttest-Only Nonequivalent Gps Design |
no random assignment & no pretest so impossible to determine how similar the gps were prior to tx (hurt by assignment bias)
|
|
What are the better Quasi-Experimental Designs?
|
-Pretest-Posttest Nonequiv Comparison Gps Design
-Strong Pretest-Posttest Quasi-Experimental Designs -Mod-Strength Quasi Exp Designs -Weak Quasi Exp Designs -Time Series Designs |
|
Describe
Pretest-Posttest Nonequiv Comparison Gps Designs |
Stronger: when involve randomly assigned tx
|
|
Describe Times Series Designs?
|
-no random assignment of participants into gps
-contain either temporary tx or continuous tx Types: Single Gp Time Series Designs Multiple Gp Time Series Designs |
|
What are the 5 types of Randomized Experimental Designs covered in the text?
|
Posttest-only control gp design
Pretest-posttest control gp design Solomon 4 gp design Randomized experimental design w/matching W/in-subjects or crossover design |
|
What is one weakness in using a study design with a pretest?
|
carryover effect - the pretest could impact the outcome of the intervention
|
|
Describe the
Solomon 4 Gp Design |
Randomized Experimental Research Design
Strengths: -participants randomly assigned to one of 4 gps which are diff by exposure to tx and pretest Weaknesses: -needs a lot of ppl |
|
Describe
Randomized Experimental Designs w/Matching |
Divides population by levels of the independent variable, then randomly assigns individuals w/in those levels to intervention gp or control gp
|
|
Describe
Within Subjects Randomized Experimental/Crossover Design |
Participants are randomly assigned to groups defined by the order of their interventions (e.g. intervention a, test, intervention b, test or vice versa).
ONLY experimental if assignment is random |
|
What types or research designs are nonrandomized?
|
Pretest &/or Posttest (no true control group)
Time-series designs |
|
What types of research designs are randomized?
|
-W/"control" group
-Solomon 4-group design -Randomized experimental design w/matching -W/in subjects/crossover designs |
|
What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?
|
sampling- done first; random selection of participants
assignment- random assignment of participants to groups |
|
How is quasi-experimental research approach different to randomized experimental approaches?
|
no random assignment of participants to groups
|
|
What are the 4 categories of quasi-experimental approaches?
|
1. quasi-experiments w/major limitations
2. pretest-posttest designs 3. time-series designs 4. single-subject designs |
|
These studies examine the presumed effect of an attribute independent variable, often by comparing a few groups.
a. associational research approach b. comparative research approach c. descriptive research approach d. quasi-experimental research approach |
b. comparative research approach
|
|
This research approach typically includes 5 or more categories, an associational hypothesis, and inferential statistics
a. associational research approach b. comparative research approach c. descriptive research approach d. quasi-experimental research approach |
a. associational research approach
|
|
This research approach differs in that only one variable is considered at a time s no comparisons are made
a. associational research approach b. comparative research approach c. descriptive research approach d. quasi-experimental research approach |
c. descriptive
|
|
A continuous independent variable is characteristic only of the __________ approach
a. comparative b. descriptive c. associational d. quasi-experimental |
c. associational
|
|
This study design is not randomized and involves a pretest, intervention, and postest
|
one group pretest-posttest design
|
|
In this study design, all participants eventually receive the Tx, but half are first assigned to a waiting list
|
Wait list comparison group design
|
|
This quasi-experimental design lacks random assignment and a pretest, making it impossible to know how similar the participants were pre-intervention
|
posttest-only non-equivalent groups design
|
|
In a strong pre-test-posttest quasi experimental approach, the investigator has control over the independent variable and can _____________________to one group and not the other
|
randomly assign the treatment (NOT the participants!)
|
|
This quasi-experimental design features one group and at least 3 pretests before the intervention. If Tx is continuous there can be multi interventions but each is followed w/a posttest
|
single-group, time series designs
|
|
In this study design participants are randomly assigned to intervention OR control groups & at the end both are measured using a posttest
|
posttest-only control-group
both receive an intervention? --> posttest-only comparison group design |
|
This approach involves an intervention and a control group that receive a pretest and an intervention and control group that don't. It is meant to control for the carryover effect.
|
Solomon Four Group Design
|