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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
normal resp rates for dogs and cats? |
dogs - 10-30 rpm cats - 20 - 30 rpm |
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apnoea |
no breathing |
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bradypnoea |
reduced respiratory rate |
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dyspnoea |
difficult or laboured breathing |
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eupnoea |
normal quiet breathing |
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tachypnoea |
increased respiratory rate |
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orthopnoea |
dyspnoea when in lateral recumbency; normally improves in sternal recumbency |
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paradoxical respiration |
opposite of normal chest motion; the chest wall moves in on inspiration and out on expiration, in reverse of the normal movements |
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causes of nasal discharge |
Rhinitis - viral, bacterial, aspergillosis Nasal foreign bodies Palatine deflects (cleft palate) |
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types of discharge |
serous - early infection or allergy mucoid mucopurulent - established infection Haemorrhagic (epistaxis) unilateral and bilateral |
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mucopurlent |
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Epistaxis |
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clinical signs of respiratory disease |
sneezing |
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epistaxis can occur as a result of.. |
trauma tumour persistent sneezing coagulopathy (clotting defect) severe infection |
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epistaxis diagnostic tests.. |
blood tests radiography bacteriology endoscopy nasal flush nasal biopsy |
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nursing care |
isolate and barrier nurse if infectious monitor vital signs keep patient clean prevent excoriation around orifices with petroleum jelly encourage to eat humidify the air |
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upper airway obstructions include.. |
anaphylaxis foreign body laryngeal spasm/laryngeal paralysis brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) Tracheal collapse |
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anaphylaxis |
acute allergic reaction urticaria muscle in the upper airways causes a narrowing and oedema of the lining further obstructs the airway condition worsens as breathing becomes more laboured |
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foreign body |
larynx will normally shut foreign body lodged in upper airways acute oedema also occurs occluding the airway |
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laryngeal spasm/paralysis |
common in cats as a result of attempted intubation paralysis occurs in some large breed dogs - lead to a change in bark and secondary aspiration pneumonia |
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brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) |
small (stenotic) nares, long soft palate and narrowed trachea if oxygen demand increases or any inflammation, respiratory distress may follow surgery for nasal and palate problems but not the narrow trachea |
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tracheal collapse flattening of tracheal rings miniature breeds dog may faint coughing |
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symptoms of upper airway obstructions.. |
increased respiratory noise - Stertor (snoring) increased inspiratory and expiratory effort increased respiratory rate increased heart rate cyanosis of the MM panic/distress |
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upper airway obstruction, nursing support and treatment .. |
oxygen supplementation reduce stress intubate if unconscious emergency tracheotomy medication monitor |
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Feline asthma |
feline chronic bronchial disease recurring respiratory compromise airway constricts excess mucus forms, airway walls become inflamed, swell and ulceration possible airway muscle goes into spasm leading to constriction |
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feline asthma symptoms |
cough wheezing and dyspnoea abdominal effort on expiration mouth breathing |
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feline asthma diagnosis |
auscultation thoracic radiograghs cytology on wash samples taken from the airway haematology - eosinophilia is seen |
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feline asthma treatment |
oxygen therapy treat inflammation - corticosteroids , aerokat (inhaler) bronchodilators |
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feline upper respiratory disease (FURD) |
Feline herpes virsus type 1 (FHV-1) Feline Calicivirus (FVC) Bordetella bronchiseptica chlamydophila felis FHV-1 and FVC - 80% of cases |
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FURD symptoms |
depends on causative organism pyrexia lethargy purulent nasal discharge serous/purulent ocular discharge mouth ulceration - FVC hypersalivation poor grooming anorexia |
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FURD |
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FURD treatment |
antibotics for secondary infection IVFT cleaning away discharge decongestants nutritional support warmth isolation |
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kennel cough and tracheitis (Dogs) |
bordetella bronchiseptica parainfluenza virus canine adenovirus types I and II canine herpes virus secondary bacterial infections will occur |
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kennel cough and tracheitis symptoms |
harsh dry cough well and eating history of contact with dogs heart disease needs to be ruled out |
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kennel cough and tracheitis nursing care |
isolated hospitalisation increased respiratory rate, barking, agitation will increase irritation to the tracheal lining and increase a cough - keep animal calm and settled |
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other causes of coughing |
congestive heart failure bronchitis collapsed trachea |
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pleural effusions |
more common in cats pleura produces a small amount of serous fluid allow movement between lungs and thoracic wall pleurisy; inflammation of the pleura and large volumes of fluid can be produced (effusion) chylous serous purulent |
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pleural effusions |
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pleural effusion symptoms |
pyrexia dyspnoea increased heart and resp rate cyanosis of MM cough open mouth breathing lethargy |
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pleural effusion diagnosis |
auscultation - mufled sounds ventrally radiography - lateral and d/v blood haematology and biochemistry FIP for cats also thoracocentesis |
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thoracocentesis preparation |
administer oxygen IV access intubation and ventilation sedation? administer analgesia |
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thoracocentesis equipment |
clippers surgical prep solution local anaesthetic sterile gloves extension set and three way tap 20ml syringe EDTA tube, two plain tubes and microscope slide bowl/jug for collection butterfly needle for cats and small dogs (20-22 gauge) over the needlecatheter for dogs (and cats) <10kg bodyweight 20-22 gauge, >10kg 18-20guage) |
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thoracocentesis nursing care |
fluid drainage oxygen supplementation stress free pain relief |
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diaphragmatic rupture and pneumothorax |
traumatic origin - RTA Violent compression of the abdomen results in the rupture ofthe diaphragm and the protrusion of abdominal organs in the thoracic cavity Restricts the lungs ability to expand |
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pneumothorax |
air in the chest from ruptured lung prevents normal lung expansion potential drainage |
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diaphragmatic rupture and pneumothorax nursing care |
oxygen rapid assessment close monitoring |
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thoracic drains |
air that has entered thorax to be removed during surgery |
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medicial conditions that require thoracic drain |
pneumothorax haemothorax haemopneumothorax pyothorax hydrothorax air and/or fluid will be removed with these conditions |
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needle thoracentesis |
diagnostic - aid or confirm diagnosis therapeutic - partial draining prove to be lifesaving in severely compromised animals |
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needle thoracentesis equipment |
over the needle IV catheter - 14-22 FG three way tap large syringe 20, 35, 50 ml |
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needle thoracentesis procedure |
restraint prep area - 7th or 8th intercostal space local anaesthesia three way tap and syringe removes air/fluid |
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needle thoracentesis |
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thoracic drains |
fenestrated throchar to aid insertion soft latex or silicone feeding tube can be used |
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thoracic drain placement |
skin incision thoracic wall between ribs 9 and 12 drain must beclamped before the trochar or haemostats are removed to prevent aid rushinginto the chest |
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chinese finger trap suture |
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suction unit positivepressure, removing fluid from the thoracic cavity. Most common type ofsuction unit is the underwater seal or air tap These are cumbersome and not idealfor cats and dogs The animal must besedated so there is little movement of the animal |
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Bulb’ drainscan be used to achieve continuous drainage without the attachment of the fluidtrap. Heimlich valves can also be used |
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Heimlich valves |
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patient care with chest drains |
never left unattended elizabethan collar, neck braces sedation With continuous drainage there is a demand for higherlevels of observation; the more tubes and devices connected the more likelysomething can go wrong |
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stretchy tubular bandage lightweight body wrap protects drain from patient and environment bandage reduces chance of air tracking down into the chest |