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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
functions of the respiratory system
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Protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration temperature changes and pathogens, and gas/nutrient exchange.
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The respiratory mucosa is made up of
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ciliated columnar epithelium |
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Air entering the body is .............by the upper (conducting) portion of the respiratory tract
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filtered, warmed, and humidified |
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Microorganisms removed from incoming air by the mucus of the respiratory tract are ultimately
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exposed to stomach acids and enzymes |
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portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the nose
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Nasal vestibule
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The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx at the |
internal nares |
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respiratory surfaces of the nasal cavity are cleared by mucus produced in part by the
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paranasal sinuses |
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function of the nasal conchae is to
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create turbulence in the air to trap small particulates in mucus |
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chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive systems
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Pharynx
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human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: |
nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx |
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Most common lethal inherited disease affecting Caucasians of Northern European descent that results from a defective gene located on chromosome 7 |
cystic fibrosis |
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what happens in cystic fibrosis |
thick secretions that exceed the ability of the respiratory tract cilia to remove them |
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passage from the pharynx to the larynx
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Glottis
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elastic structure that folds back over the glottis, preventing the entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory tract during swallowing
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Epiglottis
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forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an "Adam's apple"
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Thyroid cartilage
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provides posterior support to the larynx
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Cricoid cartilage
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pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by
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changing the diameter, length, and tension of the vocal cords |
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Trachea is reinforced with
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C-shaped cartilages |
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Airways that supply one lobe of a lung
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Secondary bronchi
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typically 9-10 present in each lung
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Tertiary bronchi
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walls of bronchioles are dominated by smooth muscle, whose activity is regulated by the
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autonomic nervous system |
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order in which air passes through these structures beginning at the trachea is: 1 - secondary bronchi
2 - tertiary bronchi
3 - bronchioles
4 - primary bronchi
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D) 4-1-2-3
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actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
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alveoli |
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walls of the alveoli are lined by |
simple squamous epithelium |
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Septal cell (pneumocytes type II)- produce
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surfactant |
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Damage to the septal cells of the lungs would most likely result in |
reduction in surfactant production |
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surfactant |
plays a key role in keeping alveoli open |
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The lungs divided into
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lobes that are separated by deep fissures |
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layer of serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs
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visceral pleura
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inflammation of the pulmonary lobules that typically results from infection
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Pneumonia
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Tuberculosis results from infection by |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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movement of air into and out of the lungs
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pulmonary ventilation
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absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by cells
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Internal respiration
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force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by
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atmospheric pressure |
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Contraction of the diaphragm (a muscle) normally accounts for around ............in normal quiet breathing
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75% of the air movement |
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Forced breathing during exhalation involves contraction of the |
internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles |
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most abundant gas in the air
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Nitrogen (N2) |
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Normal interstitial fluid has a oxygen partial pressure of .... mm Hg and a carbon dioxide partial pressureof ....mm Hg.
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40 mm Hg : 45 mm Hg |
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oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries and |
carbon dioxide diffuses in |
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Oxygen content of arterial blood consists of oxygen molecules in
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solution- 1.5% |
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A chronic, progressive condition characterized by shortness of breath and destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for gaseous exchange is termed
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emphysema |
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Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood (approximately 70%) is ultimately transported as
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bicarbonate ions in the plasma |
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Neurons in the ..............,along with ........ control respiration
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medulla and pons, respiratory reflexes,
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Respiration is controlled by the
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medulla oblongata and pons |
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1. nasal cavity |
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alveolus |