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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are explanations for the left hemidiaphrahmatic surface being slightly lower than the right? |
-The heart rest on the left half of the diaphragm pushing it downward. -The liver, directly below the right half of the diaphragm props up this area. |
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What best describes the impact of anatomic shunt? |
Systemic arterial blood can never have the same partial pressure of oxygen as the alveolar gas |
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What is true of the phrenic nerves? |
-They originate from spinal nerves C3 to C5. -They enter the chest in front of the scalenus muscle. -They are sandwiched between subclavian arteries and veins. -Nerve injury is associated with paralysis of the diaphragm. |
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What are the main neurotransmitters of the autonomic system? |
Norepinephrine in acetylcholine |
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A 25 year old is brought to the emergency department after a car versus pedestrian accident. She suffered fractures of vertebrae C2 & C3. What respiratory muscles will be compromised by this cervical injury? |
The diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and abdominals |
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What substance is responsible for the only natural mechanism for sympathetic Broncodialation in humans? |
Norepinephrine |
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What structures in the lung are innervated by the parasympathetic postganglionic fibers? |
Smooth airway muscle, mucous glands, and pulmonary blood vessels |
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What are typical locations for the pulmonary B2 receptors? |
Airway smooth muscle, vascular smooth muscle, and submucosal glands |
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A well known asthmatic individual has been admitted to the ED complaining of difficulty breathing. The physician is asking for a bronchodilator. What agents should be considered? |
B2 agonist, anticholinergics, and sympathomimetics |
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What forms of nitrous oxide are useful in identifying early stages of asthma exacerbation? |
eNO2 |
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What reflexes cause smooth muscle relaxation and broncodilation after a deep and inspiration? |
Herring-Breuer reflex |
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The presence of irritants such as noxious gasses elicits reflex broncoconstruction to limit penetration of injurious substances into the lungs. The reflexes produced by simulation of what structures? |
Rapidly adapting receptors |
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What is the sequence of events for generating a cough? |
1. The diaphragm contracts causing a deep inspiration. 2. A slight inspiratory pause occurs. 3. The muscles in the larynx close the glottis, sealing the upper airway. 4. The abdominal inspiratory muscles contract forcefully. 5. The glottis suddenly opens, explosively releasing compressed gas. |
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What is the primary muscle of respiration that is active during quiet breathing? |
Diaphragm |
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What are considered accessory muscles of respiration? |
Sternomastoid, Pectoralis Major, and Abdominals |
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What are the only accessory muscles of expiration? |
Abdominal muscles |
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What mechanisms is by far the most significant cause of thoracis cavity in enlargement during inspiration? |
Downward movement of the diaphragm |
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Agonist |
Of or pertaining to a chemical substance or drug that has affinity for a receptor and exerts a desired or expected effect |
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Antagonist |
A drug that has affinity but produces no effect; an antagonists can be competitive(reversable bond) or non competitive(irreversible bond). |
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Shunting |
The bypassing of alveoli by blood circulating the lungs. |
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Dyspnea |
Difficult or labored breathing, shortness of breath |
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Thoracentesis |
Removal of fluid from the space between the lungs and chest wall for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes using a needle inserted between the ribs. |
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Parietal Pleura |
Pleura that lines the chest wall and covers the diaphragm |
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Lingula |
The tongue shaped, anatomical counterpart of the middle lobe of the right lung |
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Pleural Space |
Tiny area between 2 layers of pleura between the lungs and chest cavity, filled with a small amount of fluid |
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Costophrenic Angle |
Angle between the heart and diaphragm on imaging |
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Pulmonary ligament |
a supporting fold of pleura that extends from the lower part of the lung on its surface opposite the mediastinum to the pericardium. |
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Hilum |
Vertical opening on either side of the mediastinum, through which all the airways and pulmonary vessels pass. |
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Diaphragm |
Large dome shaped muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen; the primary muscle of venilation. |
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Angle of Louis |
The sternal angle (also known as the angle of Louis or manubriosternal junction) is the synarthrotic joint formed by the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum. The sternal angle is a palpable clinical landmark in surface anatomy. |
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Mediastinum |
A membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs containing the heart and its vessels, the esophagus, trachea, phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, thymus and lymph nodes of the central chest. |
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The presence of pleural effusion means excessive fluid has collected between the blank and the blank. What would this look like on an X-ray image?What would be the treatment for this situation? |
The presence of pleural effusion means excessive fluid has collected between the parietal and the visceral pleura. What would this look like on an X-ray image? It would show blunting of the costophrenic angles. What would be the treatment for this situation? Thorasentesis |
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Explain why a pnuemothorax will cause the trachea to shift its position, which way might it shift, and why? |
One side of the chest cavity has an increase in pressure causing the trachea to shift to the opposing side. |
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Considering the deoxygenated blood flows from the right ventricle through the lung capillaries where it is exposed to alveolar gas, then leaves the lungs to become arterial blood what accounts for the difference between the P02 of alveolar gas and arterial blood? |
Anatomical Shunt |
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Vagal stimuli are also known as blank stimuli which causes what kind of response in bronchial smooth muscle? |
Vagal stimuli are also known as parasympthetic stimuli which causes what kind of response in bronchial smooth muscle? Constriction |
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During breathing what does the bucket handle rib movements mainly change? |
The transverse or side to side dimensions of the chest wall. |
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What is the term that describes the presence of fluid in the pleural space as a result of inflammation? |
Plueral effusion |
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Which nervous system is the source of innervation for the lung? |
Autonomic Nervous System |
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What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on airway secretions? |
It increases the production of mucus glycoproteins, increasing the viscosity of airway secretions. |
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What is the best explanation for the anticholinergics being less useful than adrenergic bronchodilators in treating small airway constriction? |
Cholinergic innervation is greatest in large airways, diminishing peripherally as airways become smaller |
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A patient is being evaluated for postextubation laryngeal edema, a dose of racemic ephinephrine has been ordered. What type of agent is this medication? |
A- adrenergic drug |
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How many ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae? |
12 |
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The Junction of the manbrium, the body of the sternum, the 2nd rib is known as an anatomical landmark for the level of the Carina. What is the name of this part of the Sternum? |
Angle of Louis |
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During cardiopulmonary resuscitation involving cardiac compressions care must be taken not to compress which part of the sternum because it's fracture may damage underlying organs? |
Xiphoid Process |
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If the lungs fail to empty normally during exhalation, because of either weekend elastic recoil forces or high resistance to airflow, the retained volume causes what change in the chest radiograph? |
An abnormally flattened diaphragm |
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Strong inspiratory efforts may create enough subatmospheric pressure in the thoracic cavity to suck the intercostals muscles inward. This physical finding is called: |
Intercostal retractions |
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