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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system? |
1. Receives inputs from outside and inside the body. 2. processes and interprets sensory input (decision making/integration) 3. Activates effector organs (motor movement, glandular activity) |
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What are the layers of the CNS from superficial to deep? |
1. epidural space 2. Dura mater 3. subdural space 4. arachnoid mater 5. subarachnoid space 6. pia mater 7. brain/spinal cord |
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Where is CSF found? What is its function? |
1. subarachnoid space 2. suspends brain and spinal cord for bouyancy |
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Describe the two main cell types of the nervous system |
1. neurons: transmit electrical signals. found in grey matter of CNS and ganglia 2. Neuroglial cells: nonexcitable support cells |
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Describe the spinal cord and its segments |
Spinal cord consists of 8 cervical segments, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and one coccygeal. |
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What are the conus medullaris, cauda equina and filum terminale |
1. is the end of the spinal cord at L1 2. are the spinal nerve roots that extend from the above into lumbar cistern 3. is the extension of pia mater that attaches to the coccyx |
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Where does the spinal cord extend to in adults? In newborns? Why is this difference important? |
1. L1 2. L3 3. Important for lumbar punctures. In adults can do one in either L3-L4 or L4-L5 whereas in newborns LP can only be done in L4-L5 |
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Where are the following spinal cord segments located in relation to spinal vertebra? 1. L1 and L2 2. L3 and L4 3. L5 4. sacral and coccygeal |
1. @ level of T10 vertebra 2. @ level of T11 vertebra 3. @ level of T12 vertebra 4. @ level of L1 vertebra |
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What is the Queckenstedt's sign? |
If positive it indicates a blockade of the subarachnoid space by a tumor. You first do a LP with a manometer attached and then press on the jugular veins. A positive sign is indicated by no rise in pressure. (a rise in pressure SHOULD occur normally) |
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Where is Caudal anesthesia delivered and why? |
1. through sacral hiatus into epidural space up to level of S2. Is done for vaginal delivery of baby so mother is not in pain but will still be able to contract muscles to push.
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Where are spinal blocks delivered? Why should spinal blocks not be done for delivery of babies? |
1. through L3-L5 into subarachnoid space 2. This paralyzes from the waist down and will prevent mother from pushing baby (emergency C-section). This is good for surgeries of the lower limb |
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What level do dura mater and arachnoid mater terminate? |
@ level of S2 |
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What makes up the brain stem? |
mid brain pons medulla oblongata 10 pairs of cranial nerves |
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What are the functions of the brain stem? |
1. produces automatic behaviors 2. serves as a passageway for fiber tracts running between cerebrum and spinal cord 3. heavily involved with the innervation of the face and head |
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Where is the cerebellum located? What are its functions? |
1. located dorsal to the pons and medulla 2. smoothes and coordinates body movements as well as maintain equilibium |
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What does the transverse fissure separate? |
Cerebrum and cerebellum |
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What does the longitudinal fissure separate? |
cerebral hemispheres |
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what do the following separate? 1. central sulcus 2. parieto-occipital sulcus 3. lateral sulcus |
1. separates frontal and parietal lobes
2. separates occiptal and parietal lobes 3. separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes |
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Where is the insula located? |
deep within the lateral sulcus |
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Where is the primary motor cortex? |
located in precentral gyrus. Is brodman area 4 |
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What are the large motor neurons of the primary motor cortex? |
pyramidal cells |
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Where is the main sensory area of the brain? (somatosensory cortex) |
located along poscentral gyrus. Corresponds to brodman areas 1-3 different cortical areas of senses also located in parietal, temporal and occipital lobes |
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Where is the somatosensory association area? What sensory inputs does it integrate? |
located posteriorly to the somatosensory cortex/ postcentral gyrus. touch and pressure |
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Where are the basal nuclei found? What are their function? |
Are grey areas in white matter of brain. Found in caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, and amygdala Cooperate with cerebral cortex in controlling movements |
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What connects the third ventricle with the lateral ventricles? |
interventricular foramen of Monroe |
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What connects the third and fourth ventricles? |
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius |
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Where does the third ventricle lie? Where does the fourth lie? |
1. lies in diencephalon 2. lies in hindbrain |
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What are the most common cervical herniations? |
C5-C6 C6-C7 |
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What happens if there is a spinal cord injury above C3,C4,C5? |
respiration ceases bc phrenic nerve is damaged, diaphragm and intercostal muscles become paralyzed. DEATH |
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What are the most common lumbar dic herniations? |
Between L4-L5 and L5-S1 (more common than cervical herniations) |
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What nerves gets pinched in cervical herniations? lumbar herniations? Why is there this difference? |
1. The nerves that are between the two vertebrae affected are pinched ( so between C4 and C5 you find the C5 nerve so that one gets pinched) 2. The nerves between the next set of vertebrae are pinched. (between L4 and L5 is the L4 nerve, but the L5 nerve that comes out between L5 and S1 is pinched because of angle of exit) |
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What is the importance of days 18, 24 and 26 in embryonic life? |
1. notochord gives signal for development of ectoderm and neural system (18) 2. cranial opening of neural tube should close (24) 3. caudal opening of neural tube should close (26) |
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What is an example of a diseased caused by faulty neural crest cells? Describe it. |
Hirschprung's disease (congenital megacolon). Peristalsis of GI tract does not occur because of lack of innervation- neural crest cells did not migrate to wall of organ during embryonic life. Diagnosed if newborn baby poop within 72 hours of birth w/o vomitting. |
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What is the result/effects if a central disc herniation of a lumbar disc occurs? (postero-lateral is most common herniation) |
puts pressure on the cauda equina instead of just one nerve root causing paraplegia |
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What is sciatica? What is it caused by? What are the clinical findings? |
1. referred pain and motor weakness down the back and lateral side of the leg and foot 2. caused by lumbar disc herniation affecting either the L5 nerve, the S1 nerve or both 3. if L5 is affected dorsiflexion is compromised (walking on heels), if S1 is affected plantar flexion is compromised (walking on toes) |
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What do fractures of the skull look like in children vs. adults? |
Fractures on a child will look like an indentation bc of how resilient and still cartilagenous the bones are. In adults fractures will look like splinterings or an egg shell that is broken. |
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What is a contrecoup injury? |
a blow to the head that results in injury to two opposite sides of the brain. The point of impact and opposite the point of impact. Whiplash/automobile injuries. |
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What is the cause of an epidural hemorrhage? Clinical findings? Treatment? |
caused by ruptures of meningeal arteries due to skull fractures symptoms include increased intracranial pressure, headache, lens-shaped collection of blood on CT scans Stop hemorrhage and create surgical burr holes |
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What is the cause of a subdural hemorrhage? Clinical findings? Treatment? |
Caused by rupture of superior cerebral veins (whiplash- A-P displacement of brain within skull) increased intracranial pressure, more widespread than a epidural hemorrhage, dura mater may be visible surgical burr holes |
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What is the cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage? Clinical findings? Treatment? |
rupture of cerebral arteries due to aneurysms and other conditions severe headache, blood in CSF (3rd vial still bloody if doing spinal tap), neck stiffness, Kernig's sign, shadows everywhere in brain scan supportive treatment focused on analgesia and prevention of rebleeding through operations |
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What can cause increased intracranial pressure? Clinical findings? |
Can be caused by tumors, hematomas, abscesses, or any space occupying lesion. prevents CSF from being absorbed. symptoms include severe headache, and vomitting bc of pressure on brainstem |
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Should a Lumbar puncture be done when there is increased intracranial pressure? Why or why not? |
Lumbar puncture SHOULD NOT be done because it can cause sudden displacement of brain and brainstem and thus immediate death. |
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Where are the sensory, motor and interneuron areas in the spinal cord? |
Sensory: Posterior/dorsal horn Motor: Anterior/ventral horn Interneurons: in between |
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Brodman areas: 1. Primary motor area 2. Primary sensory area 3. auditory 4. visual 5. broca's area 6. wernicke's area |
1. area 4 2. area 1,2,3 3. area 41/42 4. area 17 5. area 44/45 6. area 22 |
