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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name (or give the number for) one of nerves that connect the taste receptors to the brain.
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vagus 10, glossopharyngial 9, mostly facial 7
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A gustatory receptor sensitive to quinine has a G protein-coupled receptor; the cascade results in calcium ions being released from an endoplasmic reticulum. Why would an increase in cytoplasmic calcium ions be useful in gustatory receptors?
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for release of synaptic transmitter vesicles
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Monosodium glutamate affects which taste receptor primary?
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umami
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The diagram of axons from olfactory receptors does not show connection to the closest glomerulus. What characteristic of the olfactory receptor determines which glomerulus it connects to?
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ones that respond to the same primary pool to the same glomerulus
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Approximately how many G protein coupled receptors are there for human olfaction?
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lots, 500-1000
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Gustatory receptors connect to cranial nerves that project to the brain. Name one of the three places in this projection pathway.
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medulla, thalamus, postcentral gyrus
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What is the cause of the difference among the students in the physiology class as to whether they could taste PTC?
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genetic, non-tasters are homozygous recessive
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When a G protein coupled cascade in an olfactory receptor alters the cAMP level, what does this cAMP do?
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gates a channel
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Say something about what "hair" means with respect to hair cells in the vestibular or auditory systems.
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real cilium=kinociliun and cilia-like stereocilia
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Some taste cells depolarize in response to the appropriate chemical stimulation. What must happen, downstream of depolarization, for vesicles of neurotransmitter to be released?
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Calcium ions must come in through calcium channels
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Contrast how cAMP gates a cation channel in an olfactory receptor cell with the way acetylcholine gates the nicotinic receptor.
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cAMP from inside the cell, Ach from outside, both channels are ligand gated
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The receptor molecule for gustation is either (what?) or (what?).
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a channel or a G protein coupled receptor
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The chemoreceptive part of the olfactory cell is in the nasal cavity. Where is the synapse?
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In the olfactory bulb (first cranial nerve) of the brain
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In the vestibular system there are 3 fluid-filled (what) plus 2 organs with otoliths, the (what?) and the (what?). [Answer one of the above.]
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semicircular canals, utricle & saccule
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What type of molecule must come in many varieties to mediate the richness of olfaction you enjoy?
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G protein linked receptor
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Where is the first synapse in the olfactory system?
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olfactory bulb
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What is detected when endolymph bends the cupula?
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head rotation
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What does the term "umami" refer to?
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a taste, glutamate
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Which sensory system projects to the limbic system, including the amygdala?
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olfaction
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After a bitter tastant causes Ca2+ to increase in the cell, what does that Ca2+ do?
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cause transmitter release
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Out of the 5 special senses, which one does not have a localized area of the cerebral cortex as its final projection?
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olfaction
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About how many different G protein coupled receptors are involved in human olfaction?
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1000
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In addition to the vestibular sense, which utilizes hair cells where "hair" refers to stereocilia?
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audition
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All taste cell types, by one mechanism or another, have an influx of Ca2+. What process does this increased cytoplasmic calcium mediate?
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synaptic vesicle release
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A portion of the brain hypothesized to be involved in olfaction, emotion, and memory.
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limbic system (or any part of it)
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What is PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) and what did it reveal about sensory transduction?
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a substance that tastes bitter and helped in the isolation of the G protein-coupled receptor
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How is the richness of olfactory experience coded in the genes for olfactory receptor molecules?
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a different gene for each G protein-coupled receptor, very variable
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Upon stimulation, for each taste primary, cytoplasmic Ca2+ increases. What is it used for?
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for release of transmitter vesicles
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The ciliary receptor cells in the nasal epithelium have axons that terminate (where)?
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olfactory bulb (first cranial "nerve")
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What brain center involved in motivational aspects of hunger does the olfactory bulb project to?
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hypothalamus
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There are three nerves that carry taste information to the brain. These three nerves are among a famous set of about a dozen that are collectively referred to as (what)?
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cranial nerves
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In olfactory transduction, what does cAMP do to affect the electrical properties of the receptor cell membrane?
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cAMP is the ligand that gates the cation channel from inside the cell
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Where are the sense organs that monitor your head position to keep your eyes upright for slight tilting of the head?
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near the cochlea (for hearing)
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In what way does the tastant for umami relate to a central nervous system excitatory neurotransmitter?
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glutamate
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About how many olfactory receptor molecules does a human have?
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500-1000
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In addition to G protein-coupled receptors, what is the other type of taste receptor molecule?
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channel
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In taste receptors, Ca2+, mediating transmitter release, comes from either outside the cell or (what subcellular structure?)?
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endoplasmic reticulum
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Where do olfactory neurons make their synapses?
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olfactory bulb
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What are the "hairs" of hair cells, and what happens when they are bent?
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cilia (stereocilia), open or close channel, depolarize or hyperpolarize
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In what way are calcium ions essential for the signaling of the taste receptor cells to the cranial nerves?
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mediate exocytosis of vesicles
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In some cases, taste receptor molecules are channels. Alternatively they are (what?).
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G protein coupled receptors
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Why do olfactory axons seem to zig-zag rather than just connect to the closest glomerulus? (That pertained to yellow and green receptors, as colorized in your figure, connecting to yellow and green glomeruli.)
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presumably, each glomerulus receives only from receptors expressing the same receptor
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In the G protein-coupled receptor cascade in the olfactory cell, how did the cAMP affect the cell's response?
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ligand close K+ channel
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Describe the receptor cells of the vestibular system with respect to their (1) structure, or (2) the type of stimulus that excites them.
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(1) "hair" cells with stereocilia, mechanical
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On the back of the tongue, taste buds are found on what larger structure (hint, nine of them, and the nerve projects by the IX cranial nerve, the glossopharyngeal).
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Circumvallate papillae
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65. In terms of the respective molecular biology of transduction, why is olfaction a much richer sense than taste in humans?
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There are maybe a thousand receptors for different primaries
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Where is the first synapse in the sense of taste?
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in the taste receptor cell
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In olfactory transduction, what does cAMP do?
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ligand for channel
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By looking in the genome at G protein coupled receptors, what was isolated when responders vs. nonresponders to PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) were compared?
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bitter taste receptor
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For the fifth taste primary (other than sweet, sour, salt and bitter), what chemical(s) stimulate it?
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glutamate, amino acids
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Where is the first synapse in the sense of smell?
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olfactory bulb
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