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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the characteristics of good verbal communication?
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- Behavioral vs. Evaluative disclosures
- Active listening - Use of XYZ statements. |
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What is the difference between behavior descriptions and personality generalizations Which is better and why?
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- Behavior descriptions highlight another person's behavior as the problem instead of who they are as a problem. (ex: yesterday you insulted me)
- Personality generalizations highlight a person's personality as the source of a problem. (ex: yesterday you were a prick) - Behavior descriptions are better because they are less accusatory/attacking and less likely to insight more conflict. |
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What is the difference between “I” statements and “you” statements?Which is better and why?
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- "I" statements frame the problem/issue in the terms of the first person. (ex: "I was hurt yesterday)
- "You" statements frame the problem/issue in terms of the other person. (ex: You hurt me yesterday) - "I" statements are better because they are less accusatory/attacking and less likely to insight more conflict. |
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What are two mechanisms of active listening?
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Paraphrasing and perception checking.
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What is the difference between paraphrasing and perception checking?
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- Paraphrasing: summarize what you have heard your partner say so far as a statement. (ex: you are saying that . . .)
- Perception checking: summarizing what you believe your partner has said their perception is so far (ex: So you are saying that your perception of the situation is that . . .) |
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What are the three primary functions of nonverbal communication? What are some examples of each?
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1. Providing information. Ex: personal information/self-disclosure, service-task information (pointing at something)
2. Regulating information. Ex: managing affect (expressing closeness/intimacy) and social control (touch) 3. Defining the relationship. Ex: conveying an impression to others (facial expressions) |
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What are “display rules” and what four ways are they important to the interpretation of non-verbals?
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- Display rules are cultural norms dictating the appropriateness of emotional expressions in different situations (ex: when you cry)
They are used in 4 ways: 1. Intensification: meet expectations for emotions (go against display rule) 2. minimization: hide inappropriate emotions (comply with display rule) 3. Neutralization: Hide emotions to achieved goals (poker face) 4. Masking: conveying an emotion contrary to feelings |
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What information is conveyed through gazing behavior?
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Expression of interest, liking, or dominance of position.
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What are the six types of non-verbal behaviors used in communication?
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1. Facial expressions
2. Gazing behaviors 3. Body language 4. Touch 5. Interpersonal distance 6. Paralanguage |
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What information is conveyed through facial expressions?
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Expression of mood state (angry, sad, happy, excited, etc).
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What is the visual dominance ratio (VDR) and what information does it convey?
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VDR: Look when speaking ratio to look when listening
A person with a lot of dominance looks a lot when speaking and doesn't look when listening |
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What information is conveyed through body language? And what are the different ways that body language is used to convey meanings?
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- Elaboration or clarification of meaning through culturally defined gestures.
- Also, expressions of dominance through openness and asymmetry |
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How do men and women differ in their use of non-verbals?
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Women>men:
- Sensitivity and accuracy - Facial expressions: smiling - Gazing - Posture: symmetrical and closed - Touching: lower likelihood with men (who do touch women) - Interpersonal distance: less - Paralanguage: submissiveness>assertiveness |
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What information is conveyed through touch?
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Expressions of character (handshakes), closeness and affection, and dominance.
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What information is conveyed through interpersonal distance?
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Level of intimacy, familiarity, and comfort.
Interpersonal distances vary across culture, genders, status, and position |
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What are the four “zones of interaction” and what information does each zone convey?
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1. Intimate zone (0-1,5 feet)
2. Personal zone (1.5-4 feet) 3. Social zone (4-12 feet) 4. Public zone (<12 feet) |
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What is “paralanguage” and what information does it convey?
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- The pitch, volume, and, in some cases, intonation of speech that conveys messages about the interaction:
- Expression of intimacy, dominance, or physical states. |
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What is the relationship between non-verbal behavior competency and relationship satisfaction? What are some gender differences in this relationship?
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- Poor nonverbal communication goes with low satisfaction
- Low satisfaction affects men more (poorer encoding and decoding and lack of awareness regarding errors) |
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How does non-verbal communication vary by relationship stage?
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- Dating relationship: nonverbal communication less sig for relationship satisfaction. Also women with nonverbal skills have male partners who express more love for them
- Newlywed relationship: Wife's nonverbal skill increases her satisfaction - Longer-term married couples: wifes's satisfaction increases husband's ability to decode hut has no effect on wife's decoding |
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What are the possible causal directions in the relationship between poor nonverbal communication and low relationship satisfaction? What are the implications for each direction?
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- Poor communication leads to decreased satisfaction: teach communication skills
- Low satisfaction causes poor communication (resolve relationship problems) |
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What are four dimensions of attribution that are important in relationships?
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1. Affective meaning: positive and negative attributions
2. Intentionality of behavior: internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions 3. Situational nature of behavior: global and specific attributions 4. Stability of causes: stable and transient attributions |
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What is the difference between positive and negative attributions?
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- Positive: what my partner did was meant to be good
- Negative: what my partner did was meant to be bad |
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What is the difference between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions?
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Issue of personal:
- Internal (dispositional): what my partner did was a representation of who they are - External (situational): what my partner did was a representation of the situation |
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What is the difference between global and specific attributions?
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Issue of permanence:
- Global: what my partner did represents what they do all the time - Specific: what my partner did was a not representation of what they do all the time |
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What is the difference between stable and transient attributions?
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Issue of pervasiveness:
Stable: what my partner did is a representation of who they are all they time Transient: what my partner did is not a representation of who they are all the time |
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What are two types of attribution bias?
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- Actor/observer effect
- Self-serving bias |
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What is the actor/observer effect in attribution?
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We are more likely to see external causes of our own behavior (especially negative) and see internal causes of others' behavior (especially negative)
- actors tend to attribute the causes of their behavior to stimuli inherent in the situation, while observers tend to attribute behavior to stable dispositions of the actor |
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What is the self-serving bias in attribution?
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We are more likely to interpret our own behaviors more positively (take credit for the positive, blame outside forces for the negative)
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What three factors affect attribution biases?
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1. Relationship satisfaction: Satisfied individuals make more relationship enhancing attributions
2. Attachment styles: those with secure attachment style make more relationship relationship enhancing attributions (insecure styles make more relationship distressing attributions) 3. Neuroticism: Those with high levels of neuroticism make more distress maintaining attributions and is a BIG predictor of relationship failures |
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What are “relationship enhancing” attribution biases and “distress maintaining” attribution biases?
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- High relationship satisfaction/ relationship enhancing attribution biases: positivity bias, positive behavior as internal, global, and stable, and negative behavior as external, specific, and transient
- Low relationship satisfaction/distressing attribution biases = opposite. |
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What are the two types of disclosure and openness found in interpersonal communication?
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- Descriptive disclosures: factual information not publically known (my mom and dad divorced when I was young)
- Evaluative disclosures: revealing one's feelings about something (I always hated my dad because of the divorce) |
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How do men and women differ in their engaging in each type of disclosure?
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- Women are more likely to engage in evaluative disclosures
- Women and men are equally likely to engage in descriptive disclosures. |
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What are the four types or styles of communication based on degrees of openness and disclosure?
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1. Conventional: low openness and low disclosure (pass someone on campus and say hello, talk about the weather)
2. Speculative: high openness and low disclosure (a therapist) 3. Controlling: low openness and high disclosure (just talk about oneself) 4. Contactful: high openness and high disclosure (breads good relationships and keeps real contact) |
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How are men and women different in their communication styles as defined by disclosure and openness? Why do these differences occur?
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- Women: conversation elicits intimacy (conversation for conversation's sake), use speculative and contactful styles, and emphasis on emotional content and mutual involvement.
- Men: conversation facilitates action and reflects power, use of conventional and controlling styles, emphasis on independence, greater likelihood of withdrawl and compromise. |
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What is “affect interdependency” in communication?
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The type of reciprocity (eliciting negative or positive reactions) and the structure of the reciprocity (immediate or delayed reciprocity) relates to our communication patters.
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What are the four types of affect interdependency?
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1. loosely structured and negative reciprocity: one does something to evoke a negative response, but it is not immediate, it is delayed and random
2. loosely structured and positive reciprocity: one does something that evokes a positive response, but it is not immediate, it is delayed and random 3. tightly structured and negative reciprocity: one does something to evoke a negative response, and it is immediate 4. tightly structured and positive reciprocity: one does something that evokes a positive response and it is immediate |
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How does affect interdependency relate to relationship success and satisfaction?
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- Loosely structured reciprocity leads to more relationship satisfaction.
- Loosely structured reciprocity leads to longer lasting relationships and more stability - Positive reciprocity > negative reciprocity |
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What is “content interdependency” in communication?
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Patterns of response to different types of messages sent by other
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What are some of the major negative content interdependencies found among distressed couples?
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- Cross-complaining, kitchen sinking, mindreading
- Interruption, yes-butting, contempt, defensiveness - Stonewalling (yes dear), belligerence |
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What is the type of content interdependency that predicts positive relationship outcomes?
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Validation
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What are the three dimensions of jealousy?
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1. Cognitive state: a concern of suspicion that one's partner is interested or involved with another or has alternative sources of gratification in life
2. Emotional state: a state of physiological arousal associated with certain relationship situations or cognitions 3. Behavioral state: a set of behaviors involving the invasion of the other's privacy and tests of the other's commitment |
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What are the different primary and secondary emotions associated with emotional jealousy?
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- Primary: anger, fear, depression, sadness
- Secondary: distress, anxiety, embarrassment, shame, excitement, and love |
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What is the evolutionary argument that jealousy is innate? What does this theory predict about gender differences in reactions to emotional vs. sexual relationship threats? What does the research say about this?
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- It is an automatic response to fixed circumstances potential loss of resources needed for survival, of sexual partner, and emotional bonds
- THEORY: suggests women are concerned with emotional threat and men are concerned with sexual threat (parental certainty) - RESEARCH: suggests both men and women are equally concerned with both types of threat |
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How are the concepts of paternal certainty, mate poaching, and parental investment related to gender similarities or differences in jealousy?
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- Paternal uncertainty: sexual jealousy for men
- Mate poaching: sexual jealousy for men - Parental investment: emotional jealousy (emotional bonds tied to survival needs/resources) for women |
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What is the argument that jealousy is a prototype shaped by cultural scripts?
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- What constitutes jealousy, what invokes jealousy, and how we react to jealousy are shaped by cultural scripts.
- Argue that jealousy is not an innate response and that the nature of the reaction is culturally specific |
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What societal conditions increase the likelihood that jealousy will occur in relationships? Why?
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- Increased value on: personal ownership of property, value of sexual monogamy, economic and status implications of marriage
- Because: |
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What is the “mixed perspective” on what jealousy is and why it occurs?
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An automatic response to culturally conditioned circumstances. The extent nature of emotional and behavioral response is determined by cultural prototype
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What is “jealousy induction”?
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Attempts to invoke feelings of jealousy
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What are some of the major ways that individuals try to induce jealousy?
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- Talking about another's attractiveness
- Talking about other relationships (past or present, real or fictional) - Dressing up to see opposite sex "friends" - Working closely with potential romantic pastures - Flirting with or smiling at another - Dating or sexual contact with another |
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What are the major relationship and personal goals of jealousy induction?
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- Relationship goals: gain partners attention, increase partner's commitment, and retain relationship stability
- Personal goals: bolster self-concept and gain power in relationship (principle of least interest) |
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What are the five stages or dimensions of jealousy experiences?
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1. Primary appraisal
2. Secondary appraisal (rational appraisals or irrational appraisals) 3. Emotional responses (shaped by attachment styles) 4. Coping strategies (concern for relationship - relationship maintenance - vs. concern for self - self-esteem maintenance) 5. Outcomes |
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What factors predict a higher likelihood of making a primary appraisal that a threat to the relationship exists?
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attachment style, type of relationship (romantic, traditional, or non-traditional), lack of equity, low self-esteem
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How and why do attachment styles, relationship types, equity in outside relationships and self-esteem affect the likelihood of making a primary appraisal of jealousy?
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They guide our ability to become aware of things that would make us jealous
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What is the difference between a rational and an irrational approach to secondary jealousy appraisal?
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- Rational Appraisal: Review of Available Evidence and Examination of Counter-evidence
- Irrational Appraisal: Looking for Evidence and Potential for Catastrophic Thinking |
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What factors affect the type of emotional response one has to jealousy?
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Shaped by Attachment Style
- Secure Attachment: Anger Toward Partner (Direct) and Confront and Attempt Repair - Anxious/Ambivalent: Self-Blame and Anger and Irritability (Indirect) - Avoidant: Withdrawal and Sadness, Shaped by Gender (Men are more emotionally affected) |
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What are some of the potential outcomes of jealousy?
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- Potential for violence
- Potential for temporary increase in feelings of love - Potential for loss of trust and commitment |
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What is relationship power?
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The ability to attain desired outcomes in spite of another's resistance (asserting influence and having it obeyed)
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How do concern for self and concern for relationship shape peoples’ coping responses to jealousy?
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- Both concern for self and relationship: Negotiating a mutually acceptable solution
- Concern for self but not the relationship: Verbal/physical attacks against the partner(Coercion) - No concern for self but concern for the relationship: Clinging to the relationship(Coaxing) - Neither concern for self or relationship: Self-destructive behaviors |
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How effective are coercive and coaxing/manipulative strategies as responses to jealousy?
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- Coercive strategies often backfire by increasing the likelihood of more threatening involvements in the future
- Coaxing/Manipulative strategies often backfire by reducing self-esteem and investment of one's partner |
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What are three essential elements for defining power?
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1. Power is relational (Psychological = intimacy Sociological = structure)
2. Power is impositional 3. Power is a potential |
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What are the four major determinants of power?
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1. Balance of valued resources
2. Balance of coercive resources 3. Access to alternatives 4. Principle of least interest |
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How does the balance of valued resources determine power? What are the four types of power associated with the balance of valued resources?
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- Exchanging of rewarding outcomes for compliance
- Reward, Referent, Expert and Informational Power |
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How does the balance of coercive resources determine power? What are the two types of power associated with the balance of coercive resources?
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- Imposing direct or indirect costs for non-compliance
- Coercive and Legitimate Power |
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Why can legitimate power be classified as coercive?
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Coercive power can be made legitimate because of (negative) sanctions and norms (ex: prisons or taking away allowance)
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How does the comparison level for alternatives affect power in relationships?
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Your CLalt determines your ability to obtain valued outcomes elsewhere.This means that there is reduced dependency
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What is the principle of least/lesser interest and how does it affect power?
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The individual with a lower level of investments in relationship holds more power - the ball is in their court as it were.
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What are the three dimension of conflict?
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1. Structural - Competing Group Interests (Substantive:
Gender Interests, Class, Religion, Family and Relational: Autonomy vs. Connectedness and Openness vs. Disclosure) 2. Attitudinal - Non-Compatible Values and Beliefs 3. Behavioral - Process of Interference or Confrontation |
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What are Pruit and Rubin’s five styles of conflict management?
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1. Avoiding: physically and emotionally retreating (lack of concern for self and relationship)
2. Contending: high assertiveness and zero-sum conflict (concern for self > concern for relationship) 3. Yielding: giving in without expression of interest (concern for relationship > concern for self) 4. Compromise: each gives up something (concern for relationship > concern for self) 5. Collaborating (finding an alternative solution where everyone wins (concern for self = concern for relationship) |
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How is conflict different from disagreements or from fighting?
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Conflict is a situation in which one or both parties perceive a threat (whether or not the threat is real). Disagreements or fights are symptoms of conflict.
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What are the consequences each of Pruit and Rubin’s five styles of conflict management?
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1. Avoiding: Reoccurrence
Future Escalation, Separation and Reduced Intimacy, Reduction in Relationship, Rewards and Satisfaction 2. Contending: Situational Escalation, Potential for Resolution through Domination, Reduced Intimacy, Reduction in Relationship, Rewards and Satisfaction 3. Yielding: Reduction of Tensions Potential for Exploitation, Other Separation, Reduction in Relationship Rewards and Satisfaction 4. Compromise: Reduction of Tensions, De-escalation (Situational and Future), Reduction in Relationship, Rewards and Satisfaction 5. Collaborating: Integrative Agreements, Structural Improvements, Sense of Competency, Enhanced Rewards and Heightened Satisfaction |
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Which style of Pruit and Rubin’s five styles of conflict management is the optimal one in terms of relationship outcomes? Why?
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Collaborating is the optimal conflict management strategy. It is the only type of conflict management that leads to increased rewards and satisfaction
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What are the four types of couple violence identified by Johnson and Ferraro? Which two are most common?
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1. Common Couple Violence: violence that is the natural outgrowth of conflict and is mutual violence (one of the most common)
2. Intimate Terrorism:Violence that is one tactic in a general pattern of control and is usually male perpetrated violence (one of the most common) 3. Violent Resistance: violence used in self-defense and is usually female perpetrated violence 4. Mutual Violent Control: mutual use of violence to control |
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How do common couple violence and intimate terrorism differ in terms of frequency, likelihood of escalation, severity and mutuality of violence in the relationship?
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- Common couple violence: per-couple frequency= low, likelihood of escalation = low, severity = low and mutuality of violence = high
- Intimate terrorism: per-couple frequency= high, likelihood of escalation = high, severity = high, and mutuality of violence = low |
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What are two types of “intimate terrorists”? How these two types different in terms of their relationship qualities and physiological reactions to the violence?
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- Cobras: generally violent anti-socials. Emotionally abusive as well as violent, and associated with "cold" physiological states during violence (low heart rate)
- Pit-Bulls: dysphoric-borderline. Emotionally dependent on the relationship and associated with "hot" physiological states during violence. |
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What is the “ultimate resource” theory of relationship violence?
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Because it reflects a man's right to be in charge because of physical poweress
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What are some of individual/psychological determinants of violence in relationships?
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- Innate Predispositions
- Social Learning Processes: we learn from the behaviors yielded rewards or were modeled to give rewards to others as we were growing up (Spousal and child abusers often observed abuse as children) - Attachment Styles: Anxious-ambivalent = Need to control or submit, Dismissive = Lack of concern for other or relationship - Need for Power and Control: Gender differences in the pathways to power - Alcohol and drug abuse: Facilitates violence rather than a direct cause - Psychological preparedness for relationship (younger relationships = higher likelihood for violence) |
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How do symbolic and social exchange processes explain violence in relationships?
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- Symbolic Processes: Identity dependency, Misattribution of intent
- Social Exchange Processes: Rights and alternatives (Violence as the “ultimate resource"), Resource dependency (Material and emotional resources), Investments ( high investments = high importance) |
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What is the role of identity dependency in explaining relationship violence?
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In the "Pit-Bull" instances of intimate terrorism the abuser may be emotionally dependent on the relationship and depend upon the relationship for defining their self-identity.
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How do attributional processes explain some violence in relationships?
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If you make relationship diminishing attributions it could make it seem as if violence is justified.
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How do socio-cultural factors affect the likelihood of violence in relationships? (4 ways)
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1. Exposure to Stress (Low SES, Unemployment, Unplanned Pregnancy)
2. Violent Cultural Context (Desensitization) 3. High Levels of Legitimate Violence (Spanking, Capital Punishment, Gun Ownership) 4. Norms of Patriarchy (Exploitation of Women) |
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What is topical cohesion? How do men and women differ in topical cohesion?
(Chapter 10) |
- topical cohesion: the extent to which topics introduced to a conversation are related. Low cohesions=lots of topics for a short time
- Men: low topic cohesion - Women: high topic cohesion (lots of topics but all talked about in depth) |
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What is the meaning of interruptions in communication?
(Chapter 10) |
- Traditionally interruptions were thought to be a means for reasserting dominance and control in an interaction.
- Now the definition is more broad and interruption is thought to have three types: confirmation, rejection and disconfirmation. |
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What is the difference between confirmation, rejection and disconfirmation types of interruptions? How do men and women differ in their use of interruptions?
(Chapter 10) |
- confirmation interruptions: interruptions made for the purpose of clarification or to express agreement
- rejection interruptions: interruptions that express disagreement - disconfirmation interruptions: interruptions that seek to minimize the importance of the speaker's statements and interruptions made with the goal of changing the subject - Men: often use interruptions for agreement like women do - Women: confirmation interruptions and interrupt more |
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What are “tag questions” and what functions do they serve? How do men and women differ in their use of tag questions?
(Chapter 10) |
- tag questions: adding on a question to the end of sentence. Either for uncertainty, solidarity or politeness
- Men: use more uncertainty tag questions - Women: use more solidarity tag questions, and more in general |
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What are “qualifiers and hedges” and what functions do they serve? How do men and women differ in their use of qualifiers and hedges?
(Chapter 10) |
- qualifiers and hedges: phrases such as "I guess," "sort of," "I mean," "you know," that express uncertainty (at the beginning of the sentence it is an expression of certainty)
- Men: "you know" for uncertainty, use it just as much as women - Women: "you know" for certainty, secure a conversation topic |
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What is “back-channeling” and what functions does it serve? How do men and women differ in their use of back-channeling?
(Chapter 10) |
- back-channeling: a variety of verbal and nonverbal responses to another's utterances, such as sentence completion and nodding.
- Women: some steadies suggest that women do use back-channeling more than men, but many other studies show no difference |
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How do men and women differ in the levels of emotionality and support in their communications?
(Chapter 10) |
Women are more likely than men to show emotionality and support:
- Inquire about an upsetting situation - Provide emotional support - Seek emotional support from others - Feel confident about their ability to provide support - Place a high value on skills related to giving support - Employ supportive strategies directed at emotions |
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What is the “separate cultures" hypothesis?
(Chapter 10) |
- The idea that men's and women's communication patterns are so different that they resemble distinct cultures.
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What are some of the theoretical and methodological problems with the "separate cultures" hypothesis? What are some of the empirical problems with this hypothesis?
(Chapter 10) |
- Theoretical problems: do men and women need their own relationship theories? Is it based on biological sex or gender preference? How do we determine psychological gender? do we need to have different educational systems/programs for men and women?
- Methodological problems: do we need culturally sensitive methods for our research? What about differing meanings, values, and preferences? - Empirical problems: much research does not support the hypothesis. Both men and women value self-disclosure, emotional expressiveness, comforting, and persuasion. |
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What are some of the major gender differences in communication styles?
(Chapter 10) |
- topical cohesion
- interruptions - tag questions - qualifiers and hedges - back-channeling |
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What is the “skill-specialization" hypothesis?
(Chapter 10) |
- As a result of the different socialization of boys and girls in regards to emotional expression, women have skill specialization and men have a skill deficit for support and comforting
- Both men and women seek out women for support in times of stress and emotional upheaval |
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What are some of the theoretical and methodological advantages of the "skill specialization" hypothesis?
(Chapter 10) |
Similarities and differences are taken into account:
-Men and women live in the same emotional culture - Women have more effective ways of dealing with emotional experience than do men - Men and women will turn to women for support - Men and women will feel more supported by women |
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What does the research tell us about the relative validity of the “skill-specialization" hypothesis?
(Chapter 10) |
It supports it. BUT there are still only subtle gender differences in communication, and small effect sizes.
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What is transactive memory and how does it function in relationships?
(Chapter 10) |
- Transactive memory: a shared system for encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
- Memory assignments frequently follow the general division of labor among couples |
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What are the differences between the cognitive, emotional and behavioral components of jealousy? How do different items on the multidimensional jealousy scale reflect and distinguish between these three dimensions?
(Chapter 11) |
page 196 figure 11.2
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How do men and women react to jealousy differently?
(Chapter 11) |
- Men: more likely to believe that sex implies love for members of the opposite sex, height is negatively correlated with jealousy, men participate in more mate guarding
Women: more likely to believe that love implies sex for members of the opposite sex, average-height females are healthiest and also least jealousy (negative correlation between height and jealousy) |
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What is the transactional model of jealousy?
(Chapter 11) |
A theoretical model that examines how commitment, insecurity, and arousability interact to predict the occurance and intensity of jealousy at three levels: the individual, the relationship, and the situation.
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What is the difference between dispositional and situational jealousy? How is each weighted in the transactional model of jealousy?
(Chapter 11) |
- Situational jealousy: jealousy arising from specific situations in which commitment is being tested and insecurity is increased.
- Dispositional jealousy: chronic tendencies toward jealousy. Holds a greater weight than situational factors. |
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What is the cognitive motivational theory of jealousy? How does it differ from the transactional model?
(Chapter 11) |
???
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How do men and women differ in what affects perceptions of threat to their relationships?
(Chapter 11) |
- Men: concern to protect their egos, most threatened by men who are exceptional on dimensions that are relevant to their own self-definitions, men's self-esteem is associated with achievement orientation
- Women: focused on protecting their relationships, threatened by rivals who seem to possess characteristics important to their partners, women's self-esteem is associated with attachment and connections with others - what both genders find threatening/cause of jealousy is threats to the way they gain their self-esteem |
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What is the “jealousy as a specific innate module (JSIM) theory”?
(Chapter 11) |
A pattern of sex differences in jealousy where sexual infidelity is the trigger of jealousy for men, and emotional infidelity is the trigger for women.
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What is the difference between suspicious and fait accompli jealousy? How do these two types bring about different reactions?
(Chapter 11) |
- Suspicious jealousy: a form of jealousy that occurs when one suspects a betrayal. It is characterized by feelings of anxiety and insecurity.
- Fait accompli jealousy: a form of jealousy that occurs when betrayal is a certainty. It is characterized by feelings of sadness, anxiety, or anger. |
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What is the “double-shot hypothesis”?
(Chapter 11) |
An explanation of gender difference in responses to infidelity based on different sociosexual orientations (tendency to engage in sex either in the context of an intimate, loving relationship (restricted orientation) or without it (unrestricted orientation))
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What is the “transformational view” of conflict?
(Chapter 13) |
When describing relationship, this theoretical position maintains that conflict is essential for relationship growth.
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How do men and women differ in their motivations in and experiences of conflict?
(Chapter 13) |
- Women approach conflict more constructively than men do
- In the demand/withdraw pattern of conflict women: demand and men: withdraw |
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What is the “entailment model” of conflict? What types of attributions are more likely to lead to conflict?
(Chapter 13) |
A model suggesting that conflicts are preceded by a chain of events starting with causal attributions, continuing with responsibility judgements, and resulting in assignment of blame.
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What is Peterson’s “stage model of conflict” ?
(Chapter 13) |
page 243 Figure 13.1
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What is the relationship between attachment style and how individuals respond to conflict?
(Chapter 13) |
- Securely attached partners have positive models of self and others, and they are more likely to make more sympathetic and perhaps forgiving attributions of responsibility and blame.
- Insecure persons have negative models of self and others, and are likely to make negative attributions of their partners, particularly in stressful situations. |
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What is Gottman’s “balance theory of marriage and conflict”?
(Chapter 13) |
Theoretical model that considers the ration of positive to negative affective experiences as the best predictor of relationship stability.
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What conflict management styles result in stable vs.unstable relationships according to balance theory of marriage and conflict?
(Chapter 13) |
- Stable: validators (use expression and constructive conflict resolution strategies), volatiles (expressive and emotional. Express both positive and negative affect), avoiders (avoid discussing problems; use passage of time to reduce conflict).
- Unstable: hostile (high levels of conflict engagement. Tend to be defensive, judgmental , blaming) and hostile/detached (high levels of conflict but emotionally detached). |
