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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Interaction
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The ways in which people resond to one another.
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Social Structure
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The way in which a society s organized into predictable relationships.
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Statue
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A term used by sociologists to reger to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.
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Ascribed Status
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A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
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Achieved Status
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A social positin that is within our power to change
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Master Status
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A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society.
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Social Role
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A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status.
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Role Confliction
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The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person.
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Role Strain
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The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations.
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Role Exit
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The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
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Group
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Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.
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Primary Group
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A small group characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation.
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Secondary Group
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A formal impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or muual understanding
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In-group
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Any group or category to which people feel they belong to.
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Out-Group
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A group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
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Reference Group
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Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
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Coalition
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A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal.
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Socaial Network
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A series of social relationships that links individuals directly to onthers, and through them indirecty to still more people.
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Avatar
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A person's online representation as a character, whether in the form of a 2-D or 3-D image or simple through text.
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Social Institution
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An organized pattern of beliefs and behavior createred on basic social needs.
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Bureaucracy
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A component of formal organization that uses rules and hieratchical rankin to achieve effciency.
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Ideal type
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A construct or model for evaluation specific cases.
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Alienation
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Loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers.
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Trained Incapacity
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The tendancy of workers in bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to natice porential problems.
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Goal Displacement
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Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy.
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Peter Principle
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A principle of organizational life according to which every emplayee within a hieratchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompentence.
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Bueaucratization
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The process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technicalrational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency.
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McDonalidization
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The process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making in the United States and around the world.
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Inor law of oligarchy
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A principle of organizational life under which even a democratic prganization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals
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Classical Theory
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An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being morivated almost entirely by economic rewards.
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Scientific management approach
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Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations
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Human relations approach
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An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization
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Gameinschaft
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A close-knit community,often found in rural arears, in which strong personal bounds unite members.
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Gesellschaft
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A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on value.
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Mechanical solidarity
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Social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change
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Organic Solidarity
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A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor
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Hunting-and-gathering society
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A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods.
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Agrarian Society
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The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primatily in the preduction of food, but they increase their crop yields through technological innocations such as the plow.
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Industrial Society
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A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
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Postindustrial society
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A society whose economic system is engaged primarilyin the processing and control of information
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Postmodern Society
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A technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected, globalized society
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Substantive definition of the family
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A definition of the family based on blood on blood, meaning shared genetic heritage, and law, meaning social reconition and affirmation of the blood including both marriage and adoption.
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Kinship
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The state of being related to others.
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Bilateral desent
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A kinship system in whith both sides of a person's family are regerded as equally important.
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Patrillneal descent
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A kindship system in which onlyhe father's relative are significant.
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Matrillineal descent
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A kindship system in which only the mother's relationships are significant.
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Extended family
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A family in which reletives-such as grandparents, aunt, or uncles live in the same household as parents and their children.
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Nuclear family
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A married coupleand their unmarried children living together.
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Monogamy
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A form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other.
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Serial monogamy
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A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime but only one spouse at a time.
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Polygamy
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A form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simutaueously.
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Polyandry
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A form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time.
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Functionalist Definition of families
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A definition of families that focuses on what families do for society and for their memebers.
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Patriarchy
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A society in which men dominate in family decision making.
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Matriarchy
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A society in which women dominate in family decision making.
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Egalitarian family
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An authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals.
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Endogamy
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The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group
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Exogamy
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The requirment that people select a mate outside certain groups.
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Incest taboo
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The prohibiton of sexual relationships between certain cultural specified relatives.
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Homogamy
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The conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal charactistics similar to one's own
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Machismo
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A sense of virility, pesonal worth, and pride in one's maleness.
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Familism
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Pride in the extended famility, expressed through the maintencance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk outside the immediate family.
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Adoption
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In a legal sense, a precss that allows for a process that allows for the transfe of the legal rights, resonsibilities, and priviliges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents.
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Single-parent family
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A family in which only one parent is prsent to care for the children.
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Cohabitation
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The parctice of living together as a male-female couple without marrying.
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Domestic Partnership
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Two unrelated adults who share a mutually caring relationship, reside together, and agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses, and other common necessities.
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Power
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The ability to exerise one's will over others even if they resist.
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Force
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The actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one'e will on others.
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Influence
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The exercise of power througha process of persuasion.
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Authority
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Institutionalized power hat is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised.
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Traditional Authority
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Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice.
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Rational-legal authority
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Authority based on formally agreed-upon and accepted rules, principles, and procedures of conduct that are established in order to accomplish goals in the most efficient manner passible.
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Charismatic Authority
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Power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emitional appeal to his or her followers.
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Industrial society
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A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and service.
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Economic System
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The social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.
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Capitalism
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An ecnomic system in which the means of preduction are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.
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Laissez-faire
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A form of capitalism under which people compete freely, wich minimal government intercention in the economy.
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Monopoly
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Control of a market by a single business firm.
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Socialism
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An economic system under which means of preduction and distribution are collectively owned.
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Communism
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As an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owned and not social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.
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Mixed Economy
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An economic system thatcombines elements of both capitalism and socialism.
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Infomal economy
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Transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government.
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Deindustrialization
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The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of preductivity, such as factories and plants.
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Downsizing
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Reductions in a company's workforce as part of deinductrialization
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Offshoring
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The transfer of work to foreign contractors.
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Politics
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In Harold Lasswell's words. " who gets wht, whenm and how."
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Political System
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The social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goal.
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Monarchy
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A form of govenrment headed by a single member of a royal family, usually a king, queen, or some other hereditary rule.
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Oligarchy
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A form of government in which a few individuals rule.
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Dictatorship
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A government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws.
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Totaliterianism
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Virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society's social and political life.
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Demoncracy
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In a literal sence, government by the people
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Representatice Democracy
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A form of government in which certain individuals are selected to speak for the people.
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Elite Model
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A view of society as being ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic intersts.
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Power Elite
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A small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States.
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Pluralist Model
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A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominat.
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War
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Conflict btw organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons.
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Terrorism
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The use of threat of violenc against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims.
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Peace
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The adsence of war, or more broadly, a preactice effort to develope cooperatice relations among nations.
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