Socio

A perspective that seeks to understand how social phenomenin is mediated by social relations

It is the ability to see connections between personal troubles and social structures

Patterns of social relations that lie outside your circle off intimate acquaintances

Level of solidarity

The scientific revolution, the democratic revolution, the industry revolution

Mechanized producrion, individualis, bureaucratization

The inevitable results of human progress, evidence of european superiority, justification for Europe imperialism

None of the above

Mass poverty, conflicts over democracy, imperial conquest, the dark side of nationalism

New opportunities for self expression, new opportunities for self determination

European colonial domination of non European land, the jewish hocaust, the united states extensive and systemativ bombing of vietnman, irrational prejudices that continue to exist at the core of western institutions

Modernity has been liberating, modernity provides institutions that can repair self inflicted injuries, modernity provides institutions that can repair cultural and structural disorders that have plagues social life from its beginning

While modernity has been fulled with horrors, it has also been associated with many positives

The nobility

Clergy and military officers

Reduced tax burdens, freedom from manual labour, land ownership, special legal privileges

Joing the church

By shared cultural codes, symbols, and narratives provides a common lens through whixh to interpret life experiences, thereby leading people to attach similar meanings to shared experiences

D) the peasants

D) nearly 50% of children dying before the age of 10

D) working the land

) fetching wood

C) disease

B) an increase in the price of land C) rapid inflation of grain prices You Answered D) wage inflation and a deflation in the purchasing power of wages

B) women were excluded from political life

E) was created by advancements in Europe, the Middle-East, Africa, and South-East Asia.

A) travel B) exploration

C) the men were scholarly individuals, using their learning in pursuit of fame and ambition

B) it refers to the work of the religious reformer Martin Luther

B) an intellectual movement that sought to give students the tools to reason for themselves and to communicate more effectively

A) it encouraged a worldview based on reason and observation B) the emphasis on independent thinking sowed the seeds for the rise of individualism C) the emphasis on logic and reason lay the foundation for revolutions in scientific thinking

A) it rapidly accelerated the dissemination of scientific ideas B) it made books more accessible to the common folk, which cemented the growing emphasis on learning

A) husbands locked books away from their wives B) influential leaders suggested that it was dangerous for women to learn the new subjects C) influential male authors tried to trivialize women’s works D) men slandered women who tried to be public orators

) Jan Hus

A) the Lutheran movement B) Calvinism C) the Radical Reformation D) the Counter Reformation

C) the reformations reconfigured the political structures under which people lived D) the reformations reconfigured the artistic and cultural landscape

B) because translating the bible into vernacular tongues promoted unfettered bible reading by the individualD) because Luther's protest was a strong strike against authoritarianism

B) the Roman Catholic Church's response to the challenges set forth by Lutheranism and Calvinism

D) defining the Reformation as the period between the indulgences controversy of 1517 and 1700

C) because the forces set in motion by the Reformation took decades and even centuries to work themselves out.

C) It was a forged document that suggested Emperor Constantine granted sweeping imperial and territorial powers to the papacy.

B) the Vatican’s conspicuous consumption C) A rich Pope was extracting money from the poor in order to rebuild St. Peters Basilica

B) a papal document that granted the buyer remission from the need to do penance for his or her sins. C) a money-making scheme that church leaders used to rebuild St Peter’s Basilica

B) because he felt God’s forgiveness was not something you could buy

A) Catholicism preached that every individual has a direct connection to God, whereas Lutheranism preached that priests were necessary intermediaries to access God.

A) the Renaissance Humanism training, which enabled close textual analyses of the bible B) Luther translated his works from Latin into vernacular German, so that the lay people could read it. C) the development and proliferation of printing presses D) Luther’s protest emerged in Germany, where printing presses were invented and most readily available

A) The Pope excommunicated Luther B) The Church commissioned art that symbolically communicated the power of the church C) The Pope established the Roman Inquisition to hunt down heretics and reformers D) They tried to censor offending books

A) astronomy B) geometry C) human physiology D) physics

A) the implications of the work were that the earth was not at the center of the universe C) the implications were that mankind was not at the center of the universe D) it showed that empirical observation could undermine one of the Church’s central beliefs

A) Vesalius’ work on the body was based on anatomical observation Correct answer B) The innovations in science were due to an emphasis on theoretical knowledge, rather than empirical observation. C) Innovations in chemistry and physics had important applications for warfare D) Advances in mathematics and geometry helped improve ship design You Answered E) Advances in chemistry helped revolutionize mining, and increased the export of New World silver.

A) Arabic studies of medicine directly influenced the medical knowledge taught in Europe B) Arabic studies of astronomy influenced European understanding of astronomy D) Arabic studies of geography influenced European studies of geography

C) freeing humankind from error and superstition and freeing humankind from unnecessary restraints on freedom

C) liberty, reason, progress, and nature

C) states where rulers acted on personal whim, not according to the law and the interests of the people

B) protect and reinforce the traditional privileges of those from all ranks of society D) streamline government so that it operates more rationally and efficiently

D) direct democracy

A) he opposed it because he believe political representatives would follow their own, not their constituents, will and thereby become corrupted

C) they were opposed to religious intolerance You Answered D) they believed the major religions are important for providing moral guidance to society

A) increasing government control over wages B) increasing government control over the prices of products C) increasing government control over production processes D) all of the above Correct! E) none of the abov

) investment of money with the expectation of turning a profit B) accumulation of capital C) re-investment of profits to make more profits

D) transporting goods from cheap sources to markets that will pay much more for the goods

wages

they invented machinery that could automize production C) they replaced craft workers with less skilled and cheaper labour

used silent monitors B) took watches away from workers C) corporal punishment D) fines E) threats of dismissal

A) factory work separated out leisure activities from the working day B) people spent less time participating in traditional sports, and more time watching spectator sports C) the development of the railway made it more affordable to go on day-trips to other cities D) the amount of leisure time was gradually enlarged by unions

A) the emergence of institutions that enable the conversion of assets into all kinds of capital B) industrial factories with which to produce goods D) markets

A) wage labourers can decide whether to work B) wage labourers can decide who to work for C) wage labourers can move freely

D) The mechanization of production

A) lower agricultural production

C) because each innovation set off chain reactions of demand and production in related and unrelated fields of production.

A) the consolidation of land (i.e. land enclosures) B) the expansion of market-oriented practices in the countryside C) the increasing use of crop rotation D) the increased use of horses and oxen to work the land

D) housing problems experienced by the working class of Manchester

D) housing landlords

B) greedy landlords

D) capitalism condemned the working class to living in unsanitary housing

A) resource extraction, production, distribution, consumption, and war B) resource extraction, democratic processes, TV watching, fashion, and disposal C) resource extraction, production, TV watching, fashion, and disposal D) resource extraction, democratic processes, TV watching, consumption and disposalCorrect! E) none of the above

D) because it is a linear system operating in a world of finite resources

B) they don’t have access to land to grow their own food D) because they have few other options in which to earn money to buy food

A) computer manufacturing companies who have employees work in toxic work conditions, but who rely on the government to pick up the employee’s healthcare costs B) farms whose production processes pollute the waterways, and who rely on government agencies to assume the clean-up costs. C) chemical companies whose production processes pollute the air, and who rely on governments to assume the clean-up costs D) oil companies whose access to oil is reliant on military power, but who don’t pay the cost of the military, nor the healthcare costs of the soldiers involved in action E) fast food producers who produce disease-causing food, but who aren’t held responsible for the healthcare costs associated with the consumption of their products

D) Environmental Impact = Population x Consumption x Technological efficiency

F) 85%

E) 12%

A) consumer demand for seafood B) destructive fishing techniques C) habitat destruction D) pollution

D) the family becomes increasingly focused on child-rearing and meeting the emotional and sexual satisfaction of spouses

D) the number of years it takes for the human population to double in size

D) in Third World countries

A) industrialization has been slow and fragmentary in those countries B) where development has taken place, it has only benefited a small elite, failing to help the great masses of populations. C) social security systems have been insufficiently developed in those countriesYou Answered D) the masses are still operating under the old rational that having many children will provide them security in old age.

A) greater economic relations B) greater freedom from small-town prejudice C) greater intellectual development

A) the emancipation from prejudice enables him/her to explore their personal interests B) greater access to educational resources C) the division of labor encourages specialization D) the greater competition with others forces individuals to differentiate themselves

E) to interact with others on a deep emotional level

C) because city-dwellers come into contact with too many people over the course of a day, and have to protect their mental energies.

A) carry out works for the public good, like build bridges and roads Based on the documentary The Corporation, what are the value systems that are prioritized in corporations?

C) they emphasize short-term profitability over all else

C) getting the government to pay for the roads that corporations need to conduct business D) getting governments to pay for the cost of cleaning up the environmental messes caused by corporations

A) knowingly creating chemicals that are causing infertility, birth defects, and cancer B) continuing production processes that are destroying the biosphere C) encouraging the use of sweatshop labor D) allowing workplace conditions that enable fatal factory fires to take place E) carrying massive layoffs (i.e. redundancies)

A) reckless disregard for the safety of others B) incapacity to maintain enduring relationships C) deceitfulness: repeated lying and conning of others for profit D) failure to conform to behavioral norms and to obey laws

B) because this tiny majority of the population are out-of-touch with the reality faced by the vast majority of human beings

D) because they knew the cost of oil would increase tremendously if another war would be waged against Iraq

B) it refers to the advertising strategy of encouraging children to NAG parents for the advertised service or consumer product

B) What are the organizing principles of the food industry?

D) overproduction and insufficient demand

C) has been driven by industry desire to maximize profits

D) being responsible for the family’s health while having less control over food production

A) The Portuguese were seen as a technologically backwards people B) The Portuguese were seen as a violent people D) They were perceived as people whose gifts for the Indian royalty was of lower quality than that which could be provided by the poorest merchant in India

D) they dehumanized, murdered, and enslaved the indigenous populations

C) a Christian education

B) the influx of gold and silver increased wage and price inflation in Europe C) the demand for slaves enriched the Portuguese traders/kidnappers D) the kidnapping of Africans for the slave trade had the effect of devastating African communitie

A) It normalized the subjugation of other countries C) It normalised colonial genocide You Answered D) it provided the resources necessary for the industrialisation of Europe

D) Maori warriors paddled out to the Dutch ship, and exchanged calls with the crew of the Dutch ship.

C) as goblins

A) they extinguished Maori communal land rights and instituted freehold property or Crown trusteeship B) when it appeared the Maori were becoming adept at the new rules the government changed the laws to prevent the Maori from acquiring more than a small share of power and resources D) the settler government withheld financial capital for Maori land developments, in contrast to the steady flow of capital that was provide to European settlers

C) because it provides a template for rethinking New Zealand’s past, for acknowledging the multiple histories in that past, and for acknowledging Maori resistance to the settlers

B) what are the structural factors that perpetuate inequality in Third world countries?

A) they dispossessed the native populations of their land B) they destroyed indigenous industry D) they appropriated land to produce commodities for the European market

B) the agricultural resources of third world countries are not organized to benefit their own populations. Rather, those resources are being used to benefit the populations in Northern countries C) third world countries are having to pay the debt that Northern countries incurred when they built infrastructure to improve their ability to extract resources out of the Third world country D) third world countries lack the infrastructure to convert their raw products into finished goods. Thus, they have to send their raw materials to Northern countries, and then buy back the finished goods from the Northern countries at a heightened price.

A) they bribed politicians who sought to change the system C) they threatened reformist politicians with assassination D) they staged military coups to oust politicians who sought to change the system

A) the poor must insist on social justice, not charity B) an end to the privatization of natural resources D) the poor need to demand agrarian reform, where land is restored to those working it, instead of a handful of corporations and landowners

B) identifying the working conditions under which clothing is produced

C) because the factories are owned by the politicians

D) because while the retailers have CSR policies, they are constantly forcing the factories to lower their production costs

C) what accounts for the ethnic cleansing that took place in former colonies?

C) settler democracies

E) Settlements not requiring native labor

C) domination of European ideology

C) European diseases brought to the colonial territories

C) he introduced the notion that commodities should be sold with appeals to emotions

E) citizens who have been turned into avid consumers

C) if people believe consumerism is the means of achieving happiness, this will increase economic transactions

D) he believed citizens should be influencing the elite through purchasing decisions that are guided by emotions

A) his body was drawn and quartered B) his limbs and body were set on fire

A) the king benefited by signaling to the populace that violence would also rain upon them if they chose to cross him

) by enclosing and segmenting the space, observing the people at every point, and reporting on the slightest movement are supervised and reported.

D) it is a prison architectural design intended to make prisoners feel like they are under constant surveillance

C) it induces in inmates the feeling they are under constant surveillance, which compels them to behave appropriately

C) that the watched know they *might* be under surveillance

A) the use of surveillance cameras in prison B) your employer announces he/she has installed software to track employee internet activity D) the use of surveillance cameras in stores

C) closed-circuit television cameras

A) it provides data that enables the state to distribute welfare benefits B) it provides data that enables the state to distribute healthcare benefits C) it provides data that enables the state to distribute education benefits Correct answer D) all of the above

B) to monitor traffic flow

B) high-profile cases involving the abduction of newborn infants

B) An organisation has grown to use the same technology in different ways

C) their activities were concealed from governmental oversight

A) satellite surveillance B) phone call tracking C) electronic bugs in his clothing

A) it undermines trust B) it undermines social solidarity C) it augments the power of those who implement systems of surveillance

A) the Renaissance idea that peace and prosperity could be engineered through science and technology B) the Renaissance and Enlightenment encouraged an inversion of priorities, encouraging a suspicion of the other, instead of an acceptance of the “other” C) history is downplayed by mass media

A) a culture of fear B) the expansion of social control C) a culture of trust D) surveillance trends Correct answer E) all of the above

A) support privacy groups like Statewatch and Electronic Privacy Information Center B) organize dissent at the city level C) develop a technological citizenship D) demand for greater transparency in decisions around the implementation of surveillance technologies E) develop a vision of cities where the priorities are on doing justice, loving one’s neighbors, and taking responsibility to care for the *other*Correct! F) all of the above

A) slavery and racial domination B) European prejudice towards Eastern civilizations that fostered feelings of superiority C) the obliteration of social and cultural systems of the world’s first peoples D) dictatorships Correct answer E) all of the above

D) five centuries of Western imperialism

E) increased face-to-face communication through skype

B) the diffusion of world music C) the development of human rights law