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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deviance-
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behavior, trait, belief or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction
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Structural strain theory-
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Robert King Merton's argument that, in an unequal society, the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individuals ability to meet those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals, the means, or both
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Innovators-
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individuals who accept society's approved goals, but not society's approved means to achieve theme
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Ritualist-
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individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals, but still operate according to society's approved means
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Retreatists-
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individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them
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Rebels-
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individuals who reject society's approved goal and means and instead create and work toward their own goals using new means
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Differential association theory-
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Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers
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Labeling theory-
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Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, which both modify the individual's self concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person
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Primary deviation-
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in labeling theory, the act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant
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Secondary deviation-
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in labeling theory, the deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant
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Tertiary deviation
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- in labeling theory, the rejection or transformation of the stigma of a deviant identity
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Self fulfilling prophecy
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- an inaccurate statement or belief which, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true
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Stigma-
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Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity, and which may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction
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In-group orientation-
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among stigmatized individuals, an orientation away from mainstream society and toward new standards that value their group identity
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Outsiders-
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according to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society
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Deviance avowal-
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process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates his or her own labeling process
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Crime-
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a violation of a norm that has been codified into law
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Uniform Crime Report-
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an official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by over 17,000 law enforcement agencies
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Violent crime-
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crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery
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Property crime-
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crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson
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White collar crime
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- crime committed by high status individual in the course of his or her occupation
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Desistance-
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the tendency of the individuals to age out of crime over the life course
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Deterrence-
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an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes
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Retribution-
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an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal
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Incapacitation-
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an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them
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Rehabilitation -
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an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty
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Criminal justice system-
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a collection of social institution such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, which create and enforce laws
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Capital punishment-
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the death penalty
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Positive deviance-
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actions considered deviant within a given context, but which are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic
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Social stratification
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- the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy
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Social inequality-
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the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society
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Slavery-
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the most extreme form of social stratification, based on the legal ownership of people
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Caste system
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- a form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed
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Apartheid-
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the system of segregation of racial and ethnic groups that was legal in South Africa between 1948 and 1991
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Social class-
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a system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth property, power, and prestige
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Socioeconomic status
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- a measure of an individual's place within a social class system; often used interchangeably with "class"
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Upper class-
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a largely self sustaining group of the wealthiest people in a class system; in the United States they comprise about 1% of the population and posses most of the wealth of the country
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Upper middle class-
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most professionals and managers, who enjoy considerable financial stability; they comprise about 14% of the US population
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Middle class-
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comprised primarily of "white collar" workers with a broad range of incomes; they comprise about 30% of the US population
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White collar-
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description characterizing workers and skilled laborers in technical and lower management jobs
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Working class/lower middle class-
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mostly "blue collar" or service industry workers who are less likely to have a college degree; they comprise about 30% of the US population
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Blue collar-
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a description of characterizing workers who perform manual labor
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Working poor-
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poorly educated workers who work full time but remain below the poverty line; comprise about 20% of the US population
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Underclass-
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the poorest Americans who are chronically unemployed and may depend on public or private assistance; they comprise about 5% of the US population
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Status inconsistency-
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a situation in which there are serious differences between the different elements of an individual's socioeconomic status
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Feudal system
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- a system of a social stratification based on a heredity nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers called serfs
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Prestige
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- the social honor people are given because of their membership in well regarded social groups
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Social reproduction-
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the tendency of the social classes to remain relatively stable as social class status is passed down from one generation to the next
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Cultural capital-
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the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society
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Class consciousness-
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awareness of one's own social status and that of others
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Social mobility-
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the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes
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Closed system-
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a social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another
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Open system-
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a social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another
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Intergenerational mobility
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- movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next
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Intragenerational mobility-
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the movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime
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Horizontal social mobility
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- the occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class
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Vertical social mobility-
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the movement between different class statuses, often called either upward mobility or downward mobility
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Structural mobility-
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changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society
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Relative deprivation-
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a relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society
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Absolute deprivation-
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an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care
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Culture of poverty-
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entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their lot
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Just world hypothesis
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- argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly, predictable, and fair, which creates a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates
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Residential segregation-
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the geographical separation of the poor from the rest of the population
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Disenfranchisement-
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the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic political, or legal means
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Meritocracy-
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a system in which rewards are distributed based on merit
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Simplicity movement-
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a loosely knit movement that opposes consumerism and encourages people to work less, earn less, and spend less, in accordance with non-materialistic values
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Race
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- a socially defined category, based on real or percieved biological difference between groups of people
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Ethnicity-
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a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor
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Symbolic ethnicity
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- an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life
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Situational ethnicity
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- an ethnic identity that can either be displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation
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Minority group-
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members of a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to the dominant groups of a society, but who are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups
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Racism-
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a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality, and often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic
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Prejudice-
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an idea about the characteritics of a group that is applied to all members of that group, and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it
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Discrimination-
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unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice
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Individual discrimination-
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discrimination carried out by one person against another
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Institutional discrimination
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- discrimination carried out systematically by institutions that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it
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Passing-
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presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into
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Embodied identity-
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those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits
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Genocide-
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the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group
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Population transfer-
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the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied
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Internal colonialism
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- the economic and political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation
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Segregation-
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the formal and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity
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Assimilation
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- a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous
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Racial assimilation-
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the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage
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Cultural assimilation-
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the process by which racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture
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Pluralism/multiculturalism-
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a pattern of inter-group relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation within a society
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Sex-
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an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories- male or female
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Gender-
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the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
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Intersexed/hermaphroditic-
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term to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor female
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Human sexual dimorphism-
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the extent to which inherent physical differences defines the distinctions between the two sexes
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Essentialist
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- those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin, and therefore cannot be changed
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Gender identity-
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the roles and traits that a social group assigns to a particular gender
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Constructionists-
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those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many
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Patriarchy-
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male dominated society
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Instrumental role-
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the position of the family member who provides that family's material support and is often an authority figure
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Expressive role-
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the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing
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Transgendered-
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term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity is at odds with her or his physical sex, but who has not necessarily sought sex reassignment surgery
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Gender role socialization-
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the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarly through four agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media
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Social learning-
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the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction
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Feminization of poverty-
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the economic trend showing that women are more likely to live in poverty, due to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing cost of childcare
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Second shift-
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the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after the day's paid labor is completed
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Feminism-
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belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief
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First wave-
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the earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from mid-19th century until American women won the right to vote in 1920
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Suffrage movement-
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the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women
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Second wave-
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the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 1970s often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education
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Third wave-
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the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety of identities women can posses
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Male liberationism-
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a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity
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Men's rights movement
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- an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men
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Pro-feminist men's movement-
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members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women
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Sexual orientation-
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the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders
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Homosexuality-
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the tendency to feel sexual desire towards members of one's own gender
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Civil unions-
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proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage
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Bisexuals
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- individuals who are sexually attracted to both genders
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Transsexuals-
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individuals who identify with the opposite sex and have surgery to alter their own se so it fits their self-image
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Asexual-
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person who has no interest in or desire for sex
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Homophobia-
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fear of or discrimination towards homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior
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