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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ethnocentrism
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tendency to judge other cultures using one's own as a standard
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folkway
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informal norm that is mildly punished when violated
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heteronormative society
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culture in which heterosexuality is accepted as the normal, taken-for-granted mode of sexual expression
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institutionalized norm
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pattern of behavior within existing social institutions that is widely accepted in society
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intersexuals
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individuals in whom sexual differentiation is either incomplete or ambiguous.
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material culture
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artifacts of a society, which represent adaptations to the social and physical environment
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more
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highly codified, formal, systematized norm that brings severe punishment when violated
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nonmaterial culture
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knowledge, beliefs, customs, values, morals, and symbols that are shared by members of a society and that distinguish the society from others
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sanction
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social response that punishes or otherwise discourages violations of a social norm
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sexual dichotomy
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belief that two biological sex categories, male and female, are permanent, universal, exhaustive, and mutually exlusive
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sick role
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set of norms governing how one is supposed to behave and what one is entitled to when sick
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subculture
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values, behaviors, and artifacts of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture
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transexuals
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people who identify with a different sex and sometimes undergo hormone treatment and surgery to change their sex
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anticipatory socialization
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process through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future (often occurs during childhood)
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collectivist culture
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culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the formation of identity than group membership
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game stage
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stage in the development of self during which a child acquires the ability to take the role of a group or community (the generalized other) and to conform his behavior to broad, social expectations
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gender
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physiological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness
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generalized other
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perspective of the larger society and its constituent values and attitudes
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identity
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essential aspect of who we are, consisting of our sense of self, gender, race, ethnicity, and religion
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individualist culture
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culture in which personal accomplishments are a more important component of one's self-concept than group membership
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looking-glass self
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sense of who we are that is defined by incorporating the reflected appraisals of others
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play stage
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stage in the development of self during which a child develops the ability to take A role, but only from the perspective of ONE person at a time
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reflexive behavior
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behavior in which the person initiating an action is the same as the person toward who the action is directed
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resocialization
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process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one
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role taking
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ability to see oneself from the perspective of others and to use that perspective in formulating one's own behavior
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self
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unique set of traits, behaviors and attitudes that distinguishes one person from the next; the active source and passive object of behavior
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sex
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biological maleness or femaleness
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socialization
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process through which one learns how to act according to the roles and expectations of a particular culture
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total institution
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place where individuals are cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period and where together they lead an enclosed, formally administered life
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tracking
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grouping of students into different curricular programs, or tracks, based on an assessment of their academic abilities
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account
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statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred
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aligning action
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action taken to restore an identity that has been damaged
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back stage
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area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior
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cooling out
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gently persuading someone who has lost face to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity
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disclaimer
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assertion designed to forestall any complaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement that is about to occur
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dramaturgy
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study of social interaction as theater, in which people ("actors") project images ("play roles") in front of others ("audience")
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embarassment
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spontaneous feeling that is experienced when the identity someone is presenting is suddenly and unexpectedly discredited in front of others
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front stage
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area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions
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impression management
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act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgements
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performance team
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set of individuals who cooperate in staging a performance that leads an audience to form an impression of one or all teammembers
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stigma
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deeply discrediting characteristics that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally trustworthy behavior
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