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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deviance
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Is the violation of norms that a society agrees upon.
i.e Teens that dye their hair neon colors |
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Social Deviant
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This type isnt necessarily illegal, no matter how much we might wish they were. i.e refusing to take a bath
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Crime
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The violation of norms that have been written into law.
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Criminology
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The scientifically study of crime, deviance, and social policies that the criminal justice system applies.
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Characteristics of Deviance
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1. Deviance is linked to time.2. Deviance is linked to cultural values.
3. Deviance is a cultural universal. 4. Deciance is a social construct. |
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Street Crime
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Refers to many different types of criminal acts, such as burglary, rape,and assault
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Uniform Crime Reports( UCR)
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Officail police statistics of reported crimes gathered from police reports and paperwork
ex. WHen a car is reported stollen it becomes a UCRstatistic |
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Crimonoligisys two primary sources
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They used two primary sources of data to measure the amount of street crime: UCRs and NCVS
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National Crime Victimization Survey(NCVS)
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Measures crime victimization by contacting a representative sample of oer 70k households in the US
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Crime Index
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Consists of eight offenses used to measure crime: Homocide, rape, robbery,aggravated assault, burglary,larceny-theft, motor vehicle heft, and arson
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NCVS Statistics
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NCVS data always account for more crime than UCR data.
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Crime Trends
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UCR and NCVS are used to determine crime trends, and the trend that seems most constant is that the crime rates change over time. THe vast majority of crime in the US is property crimes.
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Gender And Crime
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Men have traditionally committed more crime than women.
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Race and Crime
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Confusal. 27% of blacks get arrested even though we make up about 12% of the population. Does this suggest that blacks commit more criimes or do we just get unfairly pursued.
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Social Class and Crime
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Crime rates are higher in poorer neighborhoods.
Reiman believes that social class makes a huge different in who gets caught and who goes to prison. He argues that laws are applied differetly and that dangerous activities performed by the elite are ot even considered crimes. |
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Age and Crime
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Age matters when discussing crime. Majority of arrests peak between the ages of 15-25. After that point, they follow a slw but steady decrease throughout life.
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International Comparisons of Street Crime
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1Crime num. may not be accurate.
2.Legal def. of crime differ among nations. 3.Different methods of collecting data can result in differences in reported crimes. 4. Cultures vary as do programs to prevent, punish, and curb crime. |
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Consensus model of Law
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Suggests that lawa arise because people see a behavior they do not like, and they agree to make it legal.
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Conflict Model of Law
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Proposed that powerful people write laws to protect their own interests while punishing the actions of those they wish to control.
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Shaming ( punishment)
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A deliberate effort to attach a negative meaning to a behavior.
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Stigmatized shame
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Permanent label given to a offender, which could actually increase the chances of reoffending because the guilty person is forever labeled.
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Reintergratice shaming
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Is an effort to bring an offender back into the community after punishment.
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Deterrence
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Prevents a person from doing something because of fear of the consequences applies to others, and they fear experiencing these consequences
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General Deterrence
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Ensures individuals will not commit a crime because they see the neg. conseq. applied to others, and they fear experiencing these consequences. ex. prison
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Specific Deterrence
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Occurs to ind. who have violated the law and have already been punished. ex. When we send a criminal to prison, we hope he or she will be specifically dettered from commiting future offense because of lessons learned in prison.
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Corrections
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The correctional system is the last leg of the criminal kustice system. It supervises those who are convicted of cimes.
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Recidivism
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THe tendency for inmates released from prison to return to prison.More than 50% of all inmates return to prison within three years of reliease. Over time, the recidivism rates are getting worse.
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THe Positivist School
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PPle are naturally social beings and are not prone to act criminally unless some biological, psychological , or social factor is involves. Natural law dictates that everything must have a cause , positivists are interested in what factors cause people to commit crime.
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Biological Perspectives on Crime and Deviance
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Searching for biological elements. ex. Study of hormonal diff. between sex. Higher testosterone levels make men more aggressive than women. COuld this account for some of the difference between men and women delinquent behabiors?
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Classical School
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Assues that pple are self-interested by nature > INd. makes choices based on pleasure/pain calculations.THe reason why pple dont commit crimes is bcuz they fear the punishment.
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Jeremy Bentham
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Classicist/ Believed pple were inherently hedonistic, seeking pleasure over pain. Pple would avoud the pleasure of crime if they feared the pain of punishment. However the punishment should fit the crime
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Psychological Perspectives on Crime and Deviance.
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APA/ Criminals have antisocial personality disorder and tht causes them to fail to conform to social norms w/ respect to lawful behaviors. Criminals are impulsive , aggressive, and irritable, and they tend to lie about their behaviors and feel no remorse for their actions.
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Hirschi and Hinderlang
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Support idea tht criminals have low iq bcuz the relationship between iq and crime to official delinquenct is strong.
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Stanton Samenow
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proposses that criminals actually have thinking errors, including chronic lying, viewing other property as their own, unfounded optimism, fear of injury or insult, and inflated self image.
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Psychological Theories of Criminality
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Tend to be positivistic, placing the blame on something abnormal in the ind. such as low iq or thinking error.
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Sociological Theories on crime
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tend to view crimality as a social construct.
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Functional Theories on crime
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desribe crime as a response to some social factor and theorists look for what causes crime to grow.
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Durkheim's thoughts on crime
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Crime and deviance are needed social realities bcuz they meet one of these 3 needs:
1.crime marks the boundaries of morality. Freq. we do not know what we like until we see something that we dont like. 2. Crime promotes social solidarity bcuz it unites ple against it. Pple imofy against a common enemy, and criminals are often common enemies. 3. Deviance can bring about needed change in a social system. Acts of civil disobedience are performed to change laws for the betterment of society. |
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Theory of Anime
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R.Merton:Social instability caused vy a wearing away of standards and ethics -questions whether social structures cause deviance.
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Merton
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Americans have common goals, including wealth a home, career, cars, and family. Achieving these goals usually involves edu. had work, entrepreneurship, and some luck. Many in lower class have blocked access to these goals so they adapt to their plight in one of five ways
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Conformists ( merton)
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Accept society goals and use socially acceptable means to try to achieve them. THey obey rules and work at low paying jobs with little chance of advancement. ex. Janitor who works three jobs, bt cant get agead bcuz of low pay
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Innovators (merton) A
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Acceots common goals but not the means to getting them, using illegal means to achieve those goals instead. ex. Criminal might steal goods and sell them at a pawnshop instead of getting a job
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Ritualists ( merton)
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Accept the traditional means of achieving the goals, but are no as interested in the material goals. SOcial workers use their advanced degrees to pursue humanitarian efforts rather than monetary benefits
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Retreatist(merton)
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Reject both themeans and the goals of society. These pple often live in isolation or deal with issues of drug and alcohol abuse, mental illness, orhomelessness.
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Rebels(merton)
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Use their own means to create new goals, often seeking major societal changes.
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Social Interaction Theories
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Criminals engage in social interactions tht influence the likelihood of their violation of the law.
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Differental Association Theory
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Sutherland proposed this theory which emphasizes that criminal and deviant behavior is learned. ex. if i snuck out at night and my younger sibling saw it. they might think its ok and repeat it.
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Sutherland's Nine prop.
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1.criminal behavior is learned, not inherited
2.criminal behavior is learned through communication 3.the principal part of learning behavior occurs w/in intimate personal groups. |
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Social Control Theories
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Suggest that pple are hedonistic and self interested .
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Containment THeory
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Reckless argued that internal and external factors control behavior. Suggests that crimals cant resist the temptations that surround them.
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According to Sutherland
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Crime must be taught. ONly then will criminal behavior develop.
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Attachment
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The social bond that refers to out relationship to others.ex. if a teen hangs out with conformists, friends who do not drink smoke or use drugs, they are less likely to engage in these behaviors.
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Commitment
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social bond that refers to our dedication to live a socially aceptable life.ex. by attending school we are commited to a socially acceptable behavior. Thus as we age we are often more commited to responsible behavior.
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Involvement
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The social bond that refers to the level of activity in conbentional things. ex. Teens involved in extracurriculars are less likely to become delinquent.
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Belief
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Refers to a person conviction of truth . If we believe that libing a conventional life is good, tehn we are unlikely to deviate from the path
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