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163 Cards in this Set

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What is sociology?
the systematic study of human society
- at the heart of sociology is a special point of view called the sociological perspective (seeing the general in the particular)
What is the sociological perspective?
while acknowledging that each individual is unique, sociologists recognize that society acts differently on various categories of people. E.g. children compared to adults, men compared to women, etc
- society shapes what we do
the greater peoples social_________, the better able they are to use the sociological perspective
marginality

- people at the margins of social life, including women, gay and lesbian people, people with disabiliites and the very old, are aware of social patterns that others rarely think about
What is a non-sociological approach to the depression? What's a sociological approach?
Non-sociological approach of the depression – “something is wrong with me. I cant find a job” (personal problem)
Sociological approach of the depression – “ the economy has collapsed; there are no jobs to be found!” (public issue)
What's the global perspective?
the study of the larger world and our society’s place in it
The worlds 194 nations can be divided into 3 broad categories according to their level of economic development:
1. High-income countries: the nations with the highest overall standards of living
2. Middle-income countries: nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
3. Low-income countries: nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor
What 4 ways does sociology benefit us?
1. The sociological perspective helps us assess the truth of “common sense.” – encourages us to ask whether it is right to praise very successful people as superior and less successful ones as personally deficient.
2. The sociological perspective helps us see the opportunities and constraints in our lives – sociology helps us “size up” our world so that we can pursue our goals more effectively.
3. The sociological perspective empowers us to be active participants in our society. - the more we understand about how society works, the more active citizens we become.
4. The sociological perspective helps us live in a diverse world. – Even though Canadians only make up 0.5% of the world, we tend to define our own way of life as “right,” “natural,” and “better.”
Auguste Comte saw sociology as the product of a three-stage historical development:
1. theological stage
2. metaphysical stage
3. scientific stage
What is Auguste Comte's approach called?
- positivism

a way of understanding based on science
the concept developed by C. Wright Mills, which suggests that political action can result from an understanding of the social forces that shape our lives is called the _____________
social imagination
Raymond Breton’s analysis of factors contributing to the viability of immigrant communities led to his coining the immensely useful term _______________
- institutional completeness
Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and freedoms refers to _________________
fundamental freedoms
What is a theory?
a study of how and why specific facts are related
Who has the highest suicide rate?
Middle aged males
Who named sociology?
Auguste Comte
What is the theoretical approach?
a basic image of society that guides thinking and research
sociologists make use of three major theoretical approaches:
1. structural-functional approach
2. social-conflict approach
3. symbolic-interaction approach
What is the structural-functional approach?
a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
- this approach points to <b>social structure</b>
o any relatively stable pattern of social behaviour
- this approach also looks for a structures <b>social functions</b>
o the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
Who was Herbert Spencer?
- structural-functional approach


- <b>compared society to the human body</b>
o just as the structural parts of the human body – the skeleton, muscles, and various internal organs – function interdependently to help the entire organism survive
What are manifest functions?
Robert K. Murton


the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
o e.g. going to school to get a job later
What are latent functions?
Robert K. Merton


- latent functions – the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
o e.g. “marriage broker” -> bringing together people of similar social backgrounds (because you went to school…)
What is the social-conflict approach?
• social conflict approach – a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
• <b>highlights inequality and change</b>
• sociologists using the social-conflict approach look at ongoing conflict between dominant and disadvantaged categories of people (white vs black, young vs old, rich vs poor)
Who championed the cause of the workers in what he saw as their battle against factory owners?
Karl Marx
What is the gender-conflict approach?
- a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men
- closely linked to feminism
- Harriet Martineau was regarded as the first women sociologist
What is the race-conflict approach?
- a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories
- white people have numerous social advantages
- John Porter in The Vertical Mosaic argued that class and power were functions of ethnicity and race, with people of British decent at the top of the hierarchy, Aboriginal peoples at the bottom
What is the symbolic-interaction approach?
framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
- human beings live in a world of symbols, attaching meaning to virtually everything, from the words on this page to the wink of an eye

the structural-functional and social-conflict approaches share a macro-level orientation - takes in the big picture
Who was Max Weber?
German sociologist who emphasized the need to understand a setting from the point of view of the people in it
Who was George Herbert Mead?
explored how our personalities develop as a result of social experience
What is post-modernism?
postmodernism – an approach that is critical of modernism, with a mistrust of grand theories and ideologies, that can either have a micro or macro orientation
• as applied by social scientists, post-modernism is at its core both anti-theory and anti-methods: human sciences, it proposes, cannot be scientific because
Who is Michael Foucault?
a French philosopher and one of the most influential postmodernists, would agree with Weber that scientific rationality is a means to an end that tells us nothing about the values that should guide our lives
Who was Reginald Bibby?
– measured changes in Canadian’s attitudes toward a wide range of issues
- <b>measured changes in attitudes</b> in religion, sex, family, career, the economy, intergroup relations, health and happiness
- teen surveys
Sociological investigation starts with two simple requirements:
1. Apply the sociological perspective
2. Be curious and ask questions
What is science?
a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation
What is empirical evidence?
information we can verify with our senses
What is scientific sociology?
the study of society based on systematic observation of social behaviour
What is positivism?
– scientific orientation to knowing – assumes that an objective reality exists “out there”
- the job of the scientist is to discover this reality by gathering empiriacal evidence
What is concept?
a mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form
- society is a concept
What is variable?
a concept whose value changes from case to case
- the variable “price” changes from item to item
- “social class” -> used to describe people as “upper class,” “middclass,” “working class,” or “lower class”
What is measurement?
a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
- difficult to measure
o how would you measure a persons social class?
• sociologists use statistical measures – like mode, mean and median – to describe people or communities
What does it mean to operationalize a variable?
specifying exactly <b>what is to be measured</b> before assigning a value to a variable
- e.g. before measuring the concept of a social class, we would have to decide exactly what we were going to measure: say, income level, years of schooling or occupational prestige
What is cause and effect?
a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another
- e.g. studying hard for an exam results in a high grade
What is an independent variable? Dependent variable?
independent variable – the variable that <b>causes the change</b>
- e.g. how much you study

dependent variable – the variable that <b>changes</b>
- e.g. the exam grade
What is a spurious correlation?
an apparent but false relationship between two (ormore) variables that is caused by some other variable
To establish cause and effect, three requirements must be met:
1. a demonstrated correlation
2. an independent (or causal) variable that occurs before the dependent variable, and
3. no evidence that a third variable could be causing spurious correlation between the two
Who was Max Weber?
German sociologist – expected people to select their research topics according to personal beliefs and interests
- value-relevant
- value-free
- only by controlling their personal feeings and opinions can researchers study the world as it is rather than how they think it should be
What is interpretive sociology?
the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world
Who founded critical orientation?
Karl Marx
What is critical sociology?
the study of society that focuses on the need for <b>social change</b>
• critical sociologists ask moral and political questions – “should society exist in its present form?” (they say it should not)
Who was Harriet Martineau?
The Women Founders of the Social Sciences
- writer and investigative journalist
- first to tackle comparative analysis
- supported the anti-slavery movement and worked for women’s right to education, divorce, occupations, the right to vote, and freedom from violence
Who was Florence Nightingale?
The Women Founders of the Social Sciences
- “the lady with the lamp”
- woman from a wealthy background who ministered to the needs of soldiers wounded in Crimea
- pie charts
- statistics to show that improved sanitation would reduce morality (particularly during childbirth)
four commonly used methods of sociological investigation:
experiments, surveys, participant observation, and the use of existing data
What is secondary analysis?
a research method in which a researcher uses data collected by others
- most widely used statistics in social science are gathered by government agencies
What is content analysis?
this entails the counting or coding of the content written, aural, or visual materials, such as teleision and radio programming, novels, magazines and advertisements
a sociologist specifies that a “young adult” is any person between the ages 18 and 25. This illustrates the process of _____________________
operationalizing a variable.
How long has there been homo sapiens?
40,000 years
When did human like creatures first originate?
2 million years ago
What is non-material culture?
refers to the <b>ideas</b> created by members of a society
What is material culture?
refers to the physical things created by members of a society
What is nation building?
the difficult and ongoing task of creating a sense of nationhood – at the federal, or state level – that supersedes multicultural and regional loyalties
What is language?
a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
What is cultural transmission?
the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
– people perceive the world through a cultural lens of language
What are norms?
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviour of its members
- some norms are proscriptive (stating what we should not do) while others are prescriptive (what we should do)
What are mores?
(pronounced more-rays) – norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
What are folkways?
norms for routine or casual interaction
• mores distinguish between right and wrong and folkways draw a line between right and rude
What is ideal culture?
social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms
What is real culture?
actual social patterns that only approximate cultural expectations
What is high culture? Popular culture?
• high culture – cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite
• popular culture – cultural patterns that are widespread throughout society
Who was William Ogburn?
observed that technology moves quickly, generating new elements of material culture (such as test tube babies) faster than nonmaterial culture (such as ideas about parenthood) can keep up with them
- called this cultural lag
o cultural elements changing at different rates, causing various degrees of disruption in cultural systems
cultural change is set in motion in three ways:
1. <B>invention</b> – the process of creating new cultural elements
a. the telephone, the airplane, the aerosol spray can
2. <b>discovery</b> –involves recognizing and understanding something not fully understood before
a. distant star, foods of another culture, athletic excellence
3. <b>diffusion</b> – the spread of cultural traits from one society to another
a. insulin – first developed in Toronto
b. telephone – conceived by alexander graham bell in Brantford
Difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?
• ethnocentrism – the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own
• cultural relativism – the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
what we call “civilization” based on permanent settlements and specialized occupations, emerged on the earth about ________ years ago
12,000
The ______________ theoretical perspective understates the ways in which culture integrates members of society
social-conflict
Critics of ______________ are concerned about the fact that it ignores cultural diversity.
structural-functional
An interesting way to “read” our own culture’s values is to look at _______________
superheroes
Who were Gerhard and Jean Lenski?
heir work helps us understand the great differences among societies that have existed throughout human history
• socio-cultural evolution – changes that occur as a society gains new technology
- societies with the littlest technology have little control over nature, so they can support only a mall number of people
- societies with complex technology such as cars and cellphones, while ont necessarily better, support hundreds of millions of people in far more affluent ways of life
• new technology sends ripples of change through society
What were hunter/gatherer societies?
- hunting and gathering – the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation
- very few remain today
- have a lot of free time
- stay together in extended family groups
- people spend most of their time getting their next meal
- enemies: storms and draughts
What were horticultural and pastoral societies?
- horticulture – the use of hand tools to raise crops
- allowed people to grow their own food
- not all societies were quick to give up hunting and gathering for horticulture
- pastoralism – the domestication of animals
- growing plants and raising animals greatly increased food production
- no longer necessary to have everyone work for food
o people started making crafts
o cut hair
o apply tattoos
What were agarian societies?
- agriculture – large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources
- “the dawn of civilization” – the plow, writing, the wheel
- dozens of distinct occupations
- extreme social inequality
What were industrial societies?
- industrialization – the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
- used power water
- rapid change
- railways, steamships
- family no longer serves as main setting for work
- living standards raised
What are post-industrial societies?
- Daniel Bell coined the term post-industrialism – technology that supports an information-based economy
- Post-industrial relies on computers and other electronic deices that create, process, store and apply information
- Uses less and less of its labour force for industrial production
o At the same time, more jobs become available for clerical works, teachers, writers, sales managers and marketing representatives
Who are capitalists?
people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits
- sells products for more than they cost to produce
Who are proletarians?
people who sell their labour for wages
Marx noted four ways in which capitalism alienates workers:
1. Alienation from the act of working
a. Capitalism denies workers a say in what they make or how they make it
b. Capitalism turns people into machines
2. Alienation from the product of work
a. Product of work doesn’t belong to workers – belongs to capitalists
b. The more people invest in their work, the more they lose
3. Alienation from other workers
a. Industrial capitalism makes work competitive rather than cooperative
4. Alienation from human potential
a. Industrial capitalism alienates workers from their human potential
What is rationalization of society?
the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought
• the willingness to adopt the latest technology is one strong indicator of how rationalized a society is
Who was Emile Durkheim?
• recognized that society exists beyond ourselves
• patterns of human behaviour – cultural norms, values and beliefs – exist as established structures, or social facts
• society is bigger than us and has the power to guide our thoughts and actions
What is anomie?
a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals
like marx and weber, Durkheim worried about the direction society was taking. But of the three, Durkheim was the most ___________
optimistic
What term did Karl Marx use to refer to the explanations of social problems grouneded in the shortcomings of individuals?
false consciousness
Max Weber contended that industrial capitalism is the legacy of the religious doctrine of __________________
calvinism
Emile Durkheim defined modern industrial society as being united by social bonds based on specialization. This type of social integration is called _________________.
organic solidarity
Who developed behaviourism?
John B. Watson

behaviour is not distinctive, but learned
What is the concrete operational stage?
the level of human development at which individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings
- between ages 7 and 11 children focus on how and why things happen
What is the formal operational stage?
the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically
What is Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
• studied moral reasoning – how individuals judge situations as right or wrong
• development occurs in stages


• <b>preconventional level of moral development </b> – young children who experience the world in terms of pain and pleasure (piaget’s sensorimotor stage)
• <b>conventional level</b> – appears by the teen years (piaget’s formal operational stage)
- young people lose some of their selfishness
- begin to assess intention in reaching moral judgements instead of simply looking at what people do
o knowing the difference between a person stealing food for their family and a person stealing an ipod
• <b>postconventional level </b>– people move beyond society’s norms to consider abstract ethical principles
- they think about liberty, freedom, or justice
- Rosa Parks
What is Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral Development?
• compared the moral development of girls and boys, and concluded that the two genders use different standards of rightness
• boys have a justice perspective – they rely on formal rules to define right and wrong
• girls have a care and responsibility perspective - judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships
What is George Herbert Mead's theory of the social self?
• developed a theory of social behaviourism to explain how social experience develops an individual’s personality
• the self – the part of an individual’s personality composed of self awareness and self image
What is a cohort?
category of people with something in common, usually their age
What is a total institution?
a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff
Too much institutional control can bring about _____________.
institutionalized personalities
What is a status set?
• all of the statuses that a person holds at a given time
- a teenage girl is a daughter to her parents, a sister to her brother, a student at school, and a goalie on her hockey team
- status sets change over the life course – student becomes lawyer
What is an ascribed status?
a social position that someone assumes voluntarily and that reflects personal ability and effort
What is a master status?
a status that has exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life
- e.g. an occupation
What is role exit?
• Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh came up with role exit – the process by which people disengage from important social roles
• studied “exes” – ex doctors, ex nuns, etc
• the process of becoming an ex begins as people come to doubt their ability to continue in a certain role. As they imagine alternative roles, they eventually reach a tipping point when they decide to pursue a new life
What is the Thomas thereom?
situations we define as real become real in their consequences
-if you think that flying on an airplane is going to
kill you, the consequence is real because you will avoid flying
at all costs
What is ethnomethodology?
– the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
Interaction in everyday life: three interactions
1. The biological side of emotions – people recognize and express 6 basic emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise
- people everywhere use the same facial expressions to express these emotions
2. The cultural side of emotions – culture determines the trigger for emotions
- culture also provides rules or contexts for the display of emotions
o e.g. expressing emotions with family more freely than coworkers
- culture guides how we value emotions
3. Emotions on the job – typical companies try to regulate the behaviour and emotions of its employees
What are three leadership styles?
1. Authoritarian leadership – focuses on instrumental concerns, takes personal charge of decision making, and demands that group members obey orders
- wins little affection from group
- appreciated in a crisis
2. Democratic leadership – more expressive and makes a point of including everyone in the decision making process
- less successful in a crisis situation
- generally fraw on the ideas of all members to develop creative solutions to problems

3. Laissez-faire leadership – allows the group to function more or less on its own
- laissez-faire is French for “leave it alone”
- typically, this style is the least effective in promoting group goals
What is groupthink?
– the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
• quebec sovereignty referendum

argues political people conform
What is a reference group?
a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
- a young man who imagines his family’s response to a woman he is dating is using his family as a reference group
What was Stouffer's research on veterans?
Samuel Stouffer and his colleagues conducted a classic study of reference group dynamics during World War II
- asked soldiers to rate their own or any competent soldier’s chances of promotion
- soldiers in army units with low promotion rates were actually more positive about their chances to move ahead
- soldiers in low ranks look around and see no one else had been promoted. Soldiers in high ranks see a lot of people being promoted=more competition
- we form a subjective sense of our well-being by looking at ourselves in relation to specific reference groups
Three types of formal organizations:
• utiliatarian organizations
- just about everyone who works for a regular paycheck
- one that pays people for their efforts
• normative organizations
- people join it not for income, but to pursue some goal they think is morally worthwhile
- sometimes called voluntary associations
- lions club, red cross, religious organizations
• coercive organizations
- have involuntary memberships
- people are forced to join as a form of punishment
- e.g. prisons
What is bureaucratic inertia?
– the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves
According to George Ritzer, the McDonaldization of society rests on four organizational principles:
1. Efficiency
2. Predictability
3. Uniformity
4. Control
What is the containment theory?
staying out of trouble meant control of deviant impulses
- “good boys” “bad boys”
What is Durkheim's basic insight on deviance?
1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
3. Responding to serious deviance brings people together
4. Deviance encourages social change
What is Merton's strain theory?
• Robert merton argued that deviance depends on the extent to which society provides the means (i.e. schooling and jobs) to achieve cultural goals (i.e. financial success).
• according to merton, the strain generated by our culture’s emphasis on wealth and the lack of opportunities to get rich encourage some people to engage in stealing, drug dealing, or other forms of crime
• merton called this type of deviance innovation – using unconventional means (i.e. street crime) to achieve a culturally approved goal (e.g. wealth)
What is labeling theory?
the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
What is primary and secondary deviance?
• Edwin Lemert observed that some norm violations – skipping school or underage drinking – provoke slight reaction from others and have little effect on a person’s self concept
- calls it primary deviance

• what happens if other people notice someone’s deviance and make something of it? For example, if friends describe a young man as an “alcohol abuser” and exclude him from their group, he may become bitter, drink even more and seek the company of others who approve of his behaviour
- the response to primary deviance sets in motion secondary deviance
What is retrospective labelling?
Prospective labelling?
retrospective - interpreting someone’s past in light of present deviance

prospective - a deviant identity is used to predict future action
What is Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory?
• a person’s tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage – or reject – conventional behaviour
Hirschi links conformity to four different types of social control:
1. Attachment
2. Opportunity
3. Involvement
4. Belief
What is white collar crime?
crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupation
• involve powerful people making use of their occupational position to enrich themselves or others illegally
What is corporate crime?
corporate crime – the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

• knowingly selling faulty or dangerous products or deliberately polluting the encionment
What is organized crime?
• organized crime – a business that supplies illegal goods or services
What is social stratification?
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
• based on 4 basic principles:
1. social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences
2. social straticiation carries over from generation to generation
a. social mobility – a change in position within the social hierarchy
3. social stratification is universal but not variable
4. social stratification involves not just inequality, but beliefs
What is a caste system?
social stratification based on ascription, or birth
• a pure caste system is closed because birth alone determines a person’s entire future, allowing little or no social mobility based on individual effort

caste systems are typically of agarian societies because agriculture demands a lifelong routine of hard work
What country still uses a caste system even though it was outlawed?
India
What is structural social mobility?
a shift in the social position of large numbers of people owing more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
What is ideology?
cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangments, including patterns of inequality

• according to Plato every culture considers some type of inequality to be fair
What is the Davis-Moore thesis?
social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society
• the greater the functional importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it
Karl Marx: Class Conflict
- people have one of two basic relationships to the means of economic production:
1. they own productive property
2. or they labour for others
• marx explained that capitalist society reproduces the class structure in each new generation
Max Weber claimed that social stratification involves three distinct dimensions of inequality:
1. class
2. status
3. power
What is the Kuznet's curve?
as a country develops, there is a natural cycle of economic inequality driven by market forces which at first increases inequality, and then decreases it after a certain average income is attained
What is the Canadian class system?
the Canadian class system is partly a meritocracy but also has caste elements
What are the 3 types of poverty?
• relative poverty – the deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more
• absolute poverty – a deprivation of resources that is life-threatening
• feminization of poverty – the trend by which women represent an increasing proportion of the poor
What are 4 types of slavery?
1. chattel slavery – one person owns another
2. child slavery – poor people send their children out into the streets to beg for money
3. debt bondage – employers pay workers wages but not enough to cover the food and housing provided by the employer
4. servile forms of marriage – in India, Thailand and some African nations, families marry off women against their will. Many end up slaves working for their husbands family
What is the dependency theory?
the model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
What is gender stratification?
the unequal distribution of wealth, power and privelege between men and women
What is the intersection theory?
the interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage
What is the structural-functional analysis of gender?
• views society as a complex system of many separate but integrated parts
• gender serves as a means to organize social life
• Talcott Parsons argued that keeping some gender differences helps integrate society, at least in its traditional form
What is the symbolic-interaction analysis of gender?
• takes a micro-level view of society, focusing on face-to-face interaction in every day life
• women hold more eye contact
- eye contact is a way of encouraging conversation to continue
What is the social-conflict analysis of gender?
• gender involves differences not just in behaviour but in power as well
• Friedrich Engels saw that in hunter/gatherer societies, the activities of women and men, although different, had the same importance
- said that capitalism makes male domination even stronger
What is Liberal feminism?
rooted in the classic liberal thinking that individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursue their own interests
- accepts the basic organization of our society but seeks to expand the equality of rights and opportunities of women
What is Socialist feminism?
evolved from the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
- capitalism strengthens patriarchy by concentrating wealth and power in the hands of a small number of men
What is radical feminism?
like social feminism, radical feminism finds liberal feminism inadequate
- believe that patriarchy is so deeply rooted in society that even a socialist revolution would not end it
What is cultural and postmodern feminism?
Canadian sociologists nelson and robinson identify several other variants of feminism that differ from the liberal, socialist, and radical approaches outlined above:
- Marxist feminism
- Cultural feminism
- Postmodern feminism
What are the 3 racial types?
1. Caucasoid – light skin
2. Negroid – dark skin, coarse hair
3. Mongoloid – yellow or brown skin and distinctive folds on the eyelids
What is ethnicity?
a shared cultural heritage
- objective criteria – traits such as ancestry, cultural practices, dress, religion, and language
- subjective criteria – involve the internationalization of a distinctive social identity, whereby people identify themselves or are perceived by others as belonging to a different group
What are 2 major characteristics of minorities?
1. Distinctive identity – most minority people are keenly aware of their physical differences
2. Subordination – minorities in Canada may have lower incomes and less occupational prestige than those of British or French origin
What is the scapegoat theory?
- holds that prejucide springs from frustration among people are who themselves disadvantaged
- a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles
What is the authoritarian personality theory?
- authoritarian personalities rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong
- view society as naturally competitive and hierarchical, with “better” people
- Adorno also found that people tolerant toward one minority are likely to be accepting of all
What is the culture theory?
- while extreme prejudice may be characteristic of certain people, some prejudice is found in everyone because it is embedded in culture
- social distance – how close of distant people feel in relation to members of various racial and ethnic categories
What is conflict theory?
- prejudice is the product of social conflict
- powerful people use prejudice to justify their oppression of minorities
- minorities themselves cultivate a climate of race consciousness in order to win greater power and priveleges
- because of their historic disadvantage, minorities claim that they are entitled to special considerations based on their race
What is discrimination?
– unequal treatment of various categories of people
- prejudice refers to attitudes but discrimination is a matter of action
What is miscegenation?
biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
What is The Quebecois: From New France to the Quiet Revolution and Beyond
• French came over and settled in quebec city
• clear language class – English at top, French at bottom
• quebec’s quiet revolution greatly diminished the political power and social influence of the catholic church
• french-canadian society became like the rest of north America
• the logical extension of a demand for institutional control was the demand for sovereignty
What was immigration to Canada like?
• during the Sifton years Canada was still trying to promote immigration from Britain
• Sifton was primarily interested in attracting good farmers to populate western Canada
• in early 1900s southern and eastern europeans, Chinese, Japanese and African-american peoples were discouraged from entering Canada
• the immigration act 1976 recognized three classes of people as eligible for landed immigrant status:
1. family class
2. humanitarian class
What is the greying of Canada?
• the number of elderly people is increasing more than twice as fast as the population as a whole
What is the young-old and the old-old?
• young old – 65-75 years
- autonomos, good health, financially secure, likely to be living as couples
• old old – passed the age of 75
- dependent on others
What is gerontocracy?
a form of social organization in which older people have the most wealth, power and prestige
What is the disengagement theory?
the idea that society functions in an orderly way by disengaging people from positions of responsibility as they reach old age
What is the activity theory?
the idea that a high level of activity increases personal satisfaction in old age
• people need to find new roles to replace those they leave behind